Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
description
Transcript of Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
![Page 1: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
Heart arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins heart
![Page 2: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Blood Vessel Anatomy Arterial Blood System ______________
vessels- “air,” “to carry” Types:
Elastic = conducting muscular = distributing
Venous Blood System - _________________ vessels
Capillaries - ______________ vessels
![Page 4: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Arteries- 3 tunics figure 21.1 ____________________- lining of simple
squamous epithelium = 1. ____________, closest to the lumen 2. Basement membrane 3. Internal elastic lamina
________________- middle coat, usually thickest, elastic & circular smooth muscle __________________- stretch without tearing Innervated by sym NS for constriction/dilation
_____________________- outer, elastic & collagen
![Page 5: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Vaso vasorum
“_______________________” Larger blood vessels require oxygen
and nutrients, to do so they are served by these types of blood vessels
![Page 6: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Types of arteries
________________–largest diameter __________________ in tunica media Walls ___________ compared to diameter Help ______ blood while ventricles relax
Walls stretch to store ______________ Conduct blood to more muscular arteries Aorta, brachoiocephalic, common
coratid, subclavian, vertebral, pulmonary, common iliac
![Page 9: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Types of arteries (2)
_____________________- distribute to various parts of the body Media- more smooth muscle, less elastic Capable of > vasoconstriction/dilation Examples: brachial artery, radial artery
![Page 11: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Arterioles Small artery 10-100 μm in diameter ________________________ Similar to arteries but usually just a ring of
endothelial cells surrounded by scattered smooth muscle fibers
______________ – opposition to blood flow Mainly friction between blood an inner walls
Arterioles can be dilated or constricted called resistance vessels
_________________ can affect bp
![Page 12: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Capillaries = microcirculation Microscopic vessels, 4-10μm connect arterioles to venules Near almost every cell in the body
# vary w/metabolic activity of the tissue _______________ – exchange of nutrients and
waste between blood and tissue cells thru interstitial fluid
Walls= single cell layer thick & b.m. ________________– emerges from arteriole &
supplies 10-100 capillaries (capillary bed)
![Page 13: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Capillaries (2)
__________________ – ring of smooth muscle at the junction of the arteriole with metarteriole Control flow to capillary bed
__________________- bypasses the capillary bed
![Page 14: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Types of capillaries, fig. 21.4 _______________ – endothelial cells form
continuous tube only interrupted by intercellular clefts (gaps) Skeletal & smooth muscle, CT, lungs
__________ – “window,” have small pores Kidneys, villi, choroid plexuses, endocrine glands
____________ – wider than other cap, may have unusually large fenestrations Incomplete or absent basement membrane Liver, red bone marrow, spleen, some endocrine
![Page 17: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Venule
______________________ forming these small veins
Walls very porous Many phagocytic WBC migrate from here
Few scattered smooth muscle cells Larger venules more ____________ _______________________
![Page 20: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Veins 3 layers, interna & media much thinner
than artery (less smooth muscle & elastic) thickest layer - tunica externa = collagen &
elastic fibers, lack external & internal elastic lamina
__________ to handle volume & pressure Δ yet not capable to withstand pressure
have abundant __________ (esp. in limbs) thin folds in the tunica interna form flaplike
cusps projecting into the lumen towards the _________________________
![Page 21: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Capillary exchange, fig 21.7 7% blood in systemic cap at any one time Diffusion _______________- plasma in vesicles are
endocytosed by endothelial cells & exocytosed out other side Insulin, Ab from mother to fetus
________________- passive process, large # of ions, molecules particles move in same direction at rates > than w/diffusion Filtration & resorption
![Page 27: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Pressure driven movements ________– fluid & solutes interstitial fluid ___________– FROM interstitial fluid blood
capillaries 2 pressures accountable for filtration:
Blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP)- generated by pump action of heart
Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure Main pressure accountable for reabsorption:
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) _____________________ (NFP) = balance of all
of these pressures
![Page 28: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Pressure driven movements (2) __________________ – pressure due to water
in plasma exerted against bv Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure pushes
fluid back into capillaries Is close to zero
Difference in ________________ across due to plasma proteins too large to pass pores or fenestrations BCOP force of these large proteins to pull IF into
capillaries (remember- diffusion from to )
![Page 29: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Edema __________________________________ Interstitial fluid 30% > than normal Causes of excess filtration:
capillary blood pressure permeability of capillaries
Chemicals, bacterial, thermal, mechanical Cause of inadequate reabsorption:
concentration of plasma proteins Liver disease, burns, malnutrition, kidney
disease
![Page 31: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Blood pressure Hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on
walls of blood vessel __________________________________ __________________________________ @ 110mmHg during systole drops
to70mmHg during diastole Systolic- highest pressure in arteries during
systole Diastolic- lowest arterial pressure during diastole Pressure falls progressively as distant from L.V.
![Page 32: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Mean arterial pressure MAP = average bp in arteries @1/3 between systolic & diastolic MAP = diastolic bp +1/3(systolic-dia) CO MAP blood volume MAP
*Don’t forget, just as in the ventricles, blood flows from areas of high to low pressure
![Page 34: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Resistance = opposition to flow BF = P/R BP = CO x TPR (TPR=total peripheral
resistance= all the vascular R offered by systemic bv) Viscosity- thickness, viscosity resistance, flow vessel length- longer vessel, resistance vessel diameter (1/ r4)- lumen resistance
Blood volume- volume pressure CO = SV x HR
If CO, P as long as R is same
![Page 35: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR) and venous return
Arterioles control SVR bp & blood flow to particular areas by Δ diameter Controlled by brainstem
____________________: Besides heart 2 mechanisms to pump blood:
_________________: valves open, muscle contraction pushes blood thru proximal valve and closes distal, muscle relax & close proximal
_________________: pressure in thoracic pressure in abdominal volume from abdomen to Rt Atrium
![Page 36: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Regulation of Blood pressure CV center – input from higher brain regions
& sensory receptors Figure 21.12
Neural Baroreceptors – Δ pressure
Carotid sinus- for pressure in the brain Aortic- regulate systemic pressure
Chemoreceptors – Δ O2, CO2, H +
acidosis symp hormones, vasoconstriction Hormonal control
Renal regulation, symp hormones, ANP, Angiotensin II
![Page 38: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Hormonal regulation of bp _______________________ (RAA)- blood volume
falls or kidney blood flow, renin angiontensin II bp Vasoconstriction Stimulates release of aldosterone
______________- CO by HR and force, also cause vasoconstriction
_______- released due to blood volume urine output, vasoconstriction
__________________________- released by , bp by vasodilation
![Page 39: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Circulatory shock Failure to deliver O2 and nutrients to meet
metabolic need Hypovolemic – low blood volume Cardiogenic – poor heart function Vascular – inappropriate vasodilation Obstructive- obstruction to blood flow
See figure 21.16 – responses Activation of RAA ADH Sympathetic hormones Local vasodilators: K+, H+, lactic acid, NO
![Page 44: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Shock: signs and symptoms Systolic bp 90 Resting HR due to symp Pulse weak and rapid, CO & HR Skin is cool, pale, clammy Mental state altered urine production thirst pH due to acidosis Nausea - impaired blood flow to GI tract
![Page 46: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Disorders _________________- a group of diseases
characterized by thickening of artery walls and loss of elasticity
_____________- thin weakened section of the wall of artery or vein, bulges out Graft or replace
_______- inflammation of vein, often in leg CVA= cerebrovascular accident- destruction
of brain tissue (infarction) resulting of obstruction or rupture of bv supplying brain
![Page 47: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Atherosclerosis, LDL, and HDL Atherosclerosis - a stage of arteriosclerosis
involving fatty deposits or plaques (atheromas) inside the arterial walls, thus narrowing the arteries
Plaques develop from due to excessive LDL (containing much cholesterol) accumulate in the inner layer of the artery wall
HDLs decrease amount of excessive cholesterol, transport it to liver for elimination
![Page 48: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Hypertension Silent killer- damage to bv, heart, brain, kidney before
any noticable pain or symptoms Major risk factor for both#1 cause of death = heart
disease, & #3 = stroke Lifestyle changes: lose weight, exercise, reduce salt
intake, maintain proper electrolyte intake, don’t smoke, manage stress
Drug treatment- ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme) inhibitors beta blockers- inhibit renin Vasodilators Ca 2+ channel blockers- decrease heart rate
![Page 49: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
![Page 51: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Fetal circulation O2 & nutrients- diffusion from maternal
blood (& eliminates its CO2 & wastes) exchange occurs ______________-inside uterus
Normally, no direct mixing of maternal & fetal blood; all exchanges by diffusion thru capillaries
Deoxy blood from fetus to placenta via 2 umbilical arteries -____________________
___________________________________
![Page 53: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Fetal circulation (2) Umbilical vein ascends to liver, forms 2
branches: some thru the branch that joins the
hepatic portal vein most flows into ____________ IVC
Deoxygenated blood IVC mingles w/blood from ductus venosus
Deoxy blood from upper body SVC, this blood mixes in the right atrium
![Page 54: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Fetal circulation (3) Most blood does not pass to rt
ventricle & lungs but thru _________- opening between right & left atria, bypassing pulmonary circuit
Blood reaches rt ventricle, but little reaches nonfunctioning lungs
Instead, most blood sent thru another bypass _____________-vessel connecting pulmonary trunk & aorta (becomes ____________________)
![Page 55: Chapter 21: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062723/56813b5b550346895da44fe7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)