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Chapter 18
States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa
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Effects of Early African Migrations
n Bantu-speaking peoples settle south of equator n Agriculture, herding spreads with Bantu
migrations n Iron metallurgy
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Cultivation of Bananas
n Domesticated in southeast Asia n Malay sailors colonize Madagascar, 300-500 C.E.
q Introduce bananas, yams, chickens n Well-adapted to African climate n Food supply increases with this key crop
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Population Growth
0
5
10
15
20
25
400 BCE 0 800 CE 1000 CE
Millions
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Kin-Based Societies
n Stateless, segmented societies n No elaborate hierarchies, bureaucracies n Average population of village: one hundred n Ruled by elders n Network of villages resolve disputes in ad hoc
manner n Higher government authorities rare
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Chiefdoms
n Population pressures after 1000 C.E. increase competition, disputes
n Small chiefdoms appear, overrule kin-based groups
n Small kingdoms form q Ife, Benin
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Kingdoms, Empires, and City-States of Sub-Saharan Africa, 800-1500 C.E.
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Kingdom of Kongo
n Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river n Conglomeration of several village alliances n Participated actively in trade networks n Most centralized rule of the early Bantu kingdoms n Royal currency: cowries n Ruled fourteenth to seventeenth century, until
undermined by Portuguese slave traders
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Islamic Kingdoms and Empires
n Islam spreads to west Africa q Trans-Saharan caravans q Coastal east Africa through maritime trade
n Profound influence after eighth century
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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa
n Desiccation of Sahara begins ca. 5000 B.C.E. n Introduction of Arabian camels revolutionizes
trade q 70-90 days to cross Sahara
n Arabs establish trading communities q Gao
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The Kingdom of Ghana
n Not related to modern State of Ghana n Developed fourth to fifth century C.E. n Protection against camel-driving raiders n Center of African gold trade
q Imported from south to Ghana
n Also sold ivory, slaves
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Koumbi-Saleh
n Capital of kingdom of Ghana n Principal trading center n High point ninth to twelfth century
q Population 15,000-20,000 n Military, cultural center
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Islam in West Africa
n Kings of Ghana convert, tenth century n Positive impact on trade, relations with north
Africa n Synthesized Islam with local traditions
q Nearby Takrur, aggressive missionaries
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Sundiata (r. 1230-1255)
n Empire of Mali extends over kingdom of Ghana q Neighboring kingdoms as well
n Took greater advantage of trans-Saharan trade n Nominally Muslim, but did not force conversions
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Mansa Musa (r. 1312-1337)
n Grand-nephew of Sundiata n Fervent Muslim n Performed hajj in 1324-25
q Constructed numerous mosques q Supported Muslim scholars
n Empire declines after his rule
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Mansa Musa
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The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa
n East coast maritime trade weak until second century
n Bantu peoples populate coast n Swahili (“coasters”) engage in trade with Arabs
q Language a form of Bantu, influenced by Arabic n Tenth century, trade increases
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The Swahili City-States
n Great wealth, eleventh to twelfth century C.E. n Development of city-states n Architecture moved from wood/mud to coral,
stone n Chinese silk, porcelain imported
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Nok Sculpture
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Kilwa
n City-state on east African coast n Fishing, limited trade, 800-1000 C.E. n Turn to agriculture, increased trade in pottery and
stoneware n Major trading center by fourteenth century
q Exporting over a ton of gold per year by fifteenth century C.E.
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Zimbabwe
n “Dwelling of the chief” n Stone complex called “Great Zimbabwe” built
early thirteenth century C.E., capital n Population 18,000 in late fifteenth century n Managed trade between internal and coastal
regions
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Islam in East Africa
n Ruling elites in east Africa accept Islam without forcing general population to convert
n Often retained pagan religious traditions and practices
n Islam serves as social glue with other merchants, states
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Arabian Society and Cultural Development
n Some kingdoms, empires, city-states with well-defined classes q Ruling elites q Merchant class q Peasant class
n Other areas in sub-Saharan Africa continue to use traditional kin-based groups
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Kinship Groups
n Extended families, clans n Idea of private property less prevalent n Land held communally n Harvests distributed by elders
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Sex and Gender Relations
n Men work with specialized skills q Tanning, iron work q Heavy labor
n Both sexes work in agriculture n Male rule more common, but some expanded
roles for women q Merchants, some military activity
n Islamic norms slow to penetrate African society
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Age Grades
n From early agricultural period, Sudan n Peer groups of single age cohort n Crosses lines of family and kinship
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Slavery
n Practiced since ancient times n Most slaves captives of war
q Debtors q Suspected witches q Criminals
n Used principally in agricultural labor n Slaves a form of personal wealth, social status
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Slave Trading
n Increased trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade stimulates slave trade, ninth century C.E.
n Africa replaces eastern Europe as principal source of slaves
n Creates internal African slave trade q More powerful states attack smaller kinship-based
groups q 10,000-20,000 slaves per year
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Arabian Swahili Slave Trade
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The Zanj Revolt
n Slaves from Swahili coast exported to work in Mesopotamia q Sugarcane plantations q Salt deposits
n 869 C.E., slave Ali bin Muhammad mounts revolt of 15,000 slaves
n Captures Basra n Later crushed by Abbasids
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African Religion
n Great diversity of religious belief n Common element: single male creator god
q Lesser deities associated with natural phenomena n Ancestor worship n Diviners
q Religious specialists, principally men q Oracle reading, spells, other rituals
n Limited emphasis on theology n Morality, balance of nature important
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Early Christianity in North Africa n First century: popular in Egypt, north Africa
q Initially weak in sub-Saharan Africa n The Christian Kingdom of Axum, fourth century
C.E. q Ethiopia q Merchants, then kings convert q Bible translated into Ethiopian q Isolated during Islamic period, renaissance during
twelfth century C.E. q Massive churches carved out of solid rock
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The Obelisk at Axum
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Ethiopian Christianity
n Isolation from other Christian areas until sixteenth century
n Independent development n Strong African influence
q Spirit world q amulets
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