Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800 Chapter 20: Northern Eurasia, 1500-1800

Japanese Reunification

• Civil War and the Invasion of Korea, • The Tokugawa Shogunate, to 1800• Japan and the Europeans• Elite Decline and Social Crisis

The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires

• The Ming Empire, 1500–1644• Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Qing• Trading Companies and Missionaries• Emperor Kangxi• Chinese Influences on Europe• Tea and Diplomacy• Population and Social Stress

The Russian Empire

• The Drive Across Northern Asia• Russian Society and Politics to 1725• Peter the Great• Consolidation of the Empire

Japan early years

• Japan has a history that dates back thousands of years. Scientists believe the Japanese people descended from many groups that migrated to the islands from other parts of Asia, including China and Korea. As early as 4500 B.C., the Japanese islands were inhabited by fishermen, hunters and farmers. The early culture was known as "Jomon," which meant "cord pattern."

JapanJapanCivil War & the invasion of Korea (1500-1603)

Daimyo? Warlords who had their own town, a small bureaucracy and army. Samurai?members of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan who were in service to the DaimyoJapan – attacked Korea

- Hoping to conquer Korea and China- Turtle boats- Weakened Korea and strengthened Manchus

Tokugawa Shogunate (to 1800) - Strong more centralized government

• The Samurai rose out of the continuing battles for land among three main clans. The Samurai eventually became a class unto themselves between the 9th and 12th centuries A.D. They were called by two names: Samurai (knights-retainers) and Bushi (warriors). They gave complete loyalty to their Daimyo (feudal landowners) and received land and position in return. Each Daimyo used his Samurai to protect his land

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qZl2M8BLERs

Japan and the Europeans • Jesuits arrive late 1500s • Limited success in converting • Rural rebellion (1630s) was blamed on Christians • Tokugawas (family that held the shogunate and controlled Japan

from 1603 to 1867) ban Christianity, and close Japan to Europeans• Even placed restrictions on # of Chinese traders

Elite decline & social crisisRice economy – transformation from military to civil society

- - Samurai hurting financially – living on credit- Stability of Samurai linked to stability of Shogun- agriculture vs. merchants

-1603-1800 Economy grew faster than population

Forty-Seven Ronin incident- Tradition vs civil authority- Tradition gives way, Ronin allowed to commit seppuku

Late Ming and Early Qing EmpiresLate Ming and Early Qing EmpiresThe Ming EmpireEconomic Growth

Demand for Ming porcelain (“china”)Little ice age effected China’s agriculture & political stability

Government policies and corruption lead to collapse

Ming Collapse and the rise of the QingMing Collapse and the rise of the QingMongols – Mongolia

Unified in devotion to Dalai Lama (Tibetan Buddhism)1600 – Galdan restores them to military power

Manchus – ManchuriaJapanese sought their help in 1592-1598 invasion1644 – claimed China for their own when asked to help Ming generalEstablish Qing Empire and adopt Chinese institutions and policies

Trade and missionariesTrade

Portuguese first on scene (1513), embassy (1517), expelled (1522)Portuguese trade from Macao (1557)Spanish traded from outpost in Taiwan (1662), then Manila

Dutch East India Company (VOC) – displaced PortugueseWilling to kowtow to emperor,(will maintain trade privileges)

Missionaries in ChinaFranciscans, Dominicans (lower classes), and Jesuits (elites)Matteo Ricci – mastered language & classics, coopted Chinese culture into CatholicismJesuits also introduced latest science/technology

Emperor Kangxi (child prodigy)Period of economic, military, cultural achievementRepaired infrastructure, encouraged trade Contact with Russia – Amur River

Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) – Jesuits used as interpretersFixed border along Amur river, regulated trade

Kangxi led troops to defeat Galdan and take Mongolia (1691) http://www.dartmouth.edu/~qing/WEB/GALDAN.html

Christian compromisesTolerated Confucian ancestor worshipBecomes a wedge, ultimately leads to missionaries expulsion

Chinese influences on EuropeSilk, tea, wallpaper, porcelain, jade, room dividers, fans, ivory – all via CantonQing political philosophy – championed by Voltaire as a model rulerTea & diplomacyMacartney Mission

British trade imbalance favoring China“Sorry, but I don’t need you” (letter to England)

Environmental DeteriorationPopulation growth intensified demand for foodBuilding leads to deforestationInfrastructure not maintained, corruption, inefficiency

The Russian EmpireThe Russian EmpireDrive across Northern AsiaRise of Muscovy

Annexed Novgorod in (1478), threw off Mongol yoke (1480)

Expanded South & East by Ivan IV, eventually to Ural Mts

Promoted Moscow as 3rd Rome, Tsar (Caesar)

Ivan the Terrible

• described as intelligent and devout, yet given to rages and prone to episodic outbreaks of mental illness.

Problem of seaport(s)Only seaport (Arkhangelsk) frozen most of yearCrimean Turks to south, Sweden to northwestSiberia to the east – untapped riches (esp fur)

http://www.worldology.com/Europe/europe_history_md.htm

First real attempt - Strogonov fur traders, move across Siberia all the way to Alaska

Tsar’s political control follows slowly – uses Siberia as a penal colony

Diversity of Siberia

RomanovsTime of Troubles – Swedish/Polish forces in MoscowBoyars (Nobles) support Mikhail Romanov (start of Romanov dynasty)

SerfsTied to land, hereditaryLargest % of population

Russian society & politics to 1725

Cossacks – bands/tribes living north of Black & Caspian SeasMore loyal to chieftain than political ruler

Used in the conquest of SiberiaUsed to defend Russia from invaders

The Russian Empire …The Russian Empire … continuedPeter the Great – greatest of the RomanovsWesternization

Traveled in disguise across Europe collecting technologyRealized that Trade = $ to spend on military

Why the big emphasis on Westernization?

Great Northern War (Sweden) gives Russia access to Baltic Uses Scorched Earth Policy to defeat Charles XII

St. Petersburg “Window to the West”Peter’s statement to Europe

“One ups” which French monarch

Upwards of 100,000 serfs die building ithttp://www.saint-petersburg.com/video/index.asp

Elites forced to move to St. Petersburg, dress European Why?

Women in public, education opened upImitates Prussian Military

Why Prussia?

No horse!

Moscow St. Petersburg

Growth of Russia

Oprichniki