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The 1920sChapter 20Normalcy & short-sightednessObjectives:1. I will be able to describe the economic conditions faced by soldiers returning from WWI.2. I will be able to explain the consequences of Americas isolationist foreign policy during the 1920s.I will be able to name the 3 presidents of the 1920s and not the dominant features of their administrations.Postwar ProblemsDemand for goods is down. (No war to supply)Veterans return to unemployment.Industry must retool for peacetime.Emotions must reorient toward peacetime.

Postwar Problems - AgricultureExport demand for agriculture products drops.Bountiful harvest makes a huge supply.Low demand and high supply = low prices

Postwar Problems - AgricultureFarmers owe $$$ because they borrowed to buy land and equipment to supply the wartime economy.Some begin to lose their farms to foreclosure.

Postwar Problems - AgricultureAlthough much of the country prospers in the 1920s, farmer suffer all the way through the decade into more suffering in the 1930s.

Postwar Problems - FearWartime Propaganda created fear.Peacetime fears continued but changed their focus to the Reds.Red Scare fear of communists and anarchistsPackage bombsPalmer Raids http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xjIK3rkX6M (Palmer Raids 2 min)Foreign PolicyIsolationism!Sort ofWashington Naval Conference arms reduction5:5:3:1.75:1.75 (tons of naval vessels)U.S.: Britain: Japan: France: ItalyKellogg-Briand Pact outlawed warNo means of enforcementU.S. intervention and control in Latin Americaresentment

Economic EntrapmentEconomic EntrapmentAllies borrowed for the war from the U.S.U.S. wouldnt allow Britain and France to repay in goods.Couldnt pay it back.Germans borrowed from the U.S. to pay the Allies. (Could not afford to pay it.)Allies sent the money to the U.S.

Economic EntrapmentDawes PlanReduce the German reparations payments.Encourage U.S. banks and investors to loan money to help Germany rebuild.Reduce the interest charged to the Allies for their war debts.

What role did the U.S. play in hindering the recovery of the post-war European economy?What was the alternative?Winners and losers?Presidents of the 1920sWarren G. Harding 1920 (died)Calvin Coolidge 1924 (didnt run again)Herbert Hoover 1928All Republicans

Warren G. HardingReturn to NormalcyHonest guy, corrupt friendsScandalsTeapot Dome ScandalForbes defrauded Veterans BureauHarry Daughertys bribesDied in office (stress?)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2gk9ebeaZcU&playnext=1&list=PLC44450607D35DAB3&feature=results_main (Teapot Dome 3 min newsreel)

What is the illustrators point of view?

What is the historical context?

Who is the intended audience?

What is the purpose of the political cartoon?

Calvin CoolidgeHardings V.P. becomes president in 1923.Laissez Faire governments hands off businessThe business of America is business.Small government.The economy boomed.Elected in 1924.Decided not to run in 1928.Herbert HooverHead of Food Administration in WWIEngineerDefeated Catholic Al Smith for president.Within a year of inauguration, stock market crashed and economy plunged into a recession.Hoover got the blame, but was the depression Hoovers fault?Did we meet our objectives?1. Can you describe the economic conditions faced by soldiers returning from WWI?2. Can you explain the consequences of Americas isolationist foreign policy during the 1920s?Can you name the 3 presidents of the 1920s and not the dominant features of their administrations?Culture WarsNew Ideas: Darwinism & MarxismThe full impact of these 19th century writes becomes apparent.Darwinism evolutionMarxism communism

Disregard of scriptural truthFear of communist takeoverNew Ideas: Theory of RelativityAlbert Einstein E=mc2Space, time, and matter are relative to the location and motion of the observer.Calls into question absolute truth.

New Ideas: FreudSigmund Freud Austrian psychologist who believed that sexual disturbances in childhood could explain the development of emotional problems later in life. Argues that self-restraing of sexuality led to emotional disorders and psychoanalysis was the cure.Psychologist replaces the minister as counselor.New Ideas: Literature & ArtWriters were disillusioned after WWI.Reflects the new ideas of the age.Modern standards rather than traditionalPainting abstract, depicted inner feelings

Surrealism

Salvador DaliNew Ideas: Literature & ArtMusic was atonalPoetry was written in free verse.Novels were written in stream of consciousness.T.S. Eliot The WastelandDisillusioned writers went to Europe.

New Ideas: Prohibition18th Amendment ratified in 1919Result was an increase in illegal activityBlack market, violent crime

New Ideas: ProhibitionProved to be unenforceable because so many people were willing to violate the law.21st amendment ratified in 1933 repealed the 18th amendment.The Roaring TwentiesSocial RevolutionBreak down in morals post WWIDivorce on the riseSmaller familiesImmorality and infidelity in newspapers, film

The Roaring TwentiesFads became very popularRaccoon coats, crossword puzzles, marathon dancing, thrill and adventure-seeking

Heroes and VillainsNewspapersRadioVaudeville to moviesSports

Heroes and Villains: American IdolsJack Dempsey

Babe RuthHeroes and Villains: American Heroes

Charlie ChaplinClara BowCharles Lindbergh

Heroes and Villains: ImmigrationImmigrants became even more diverse1900-1910 - nine million immigrantsImmigrants often kept their languages, religions, and cultures and lived in crowded ethnic neighborhoods.Middle Class Protestant Americans perceived these immigrants, who were largely Catholic, as a threat.

Red Scare of 1919Communist takeover of RussiaSacco and Vanzetti case2 Italian men accused of murderConvicted and executed in 1927Some think they were innocent victims of bigotry

BlacksMarcus Garvey Racial pride, Universal Negro Improvement AssociationHarlem Renaissance intellectuals, writers, musiciansLangston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Paul Robeson, Louis ArmstrongFashionable clubs featured black performersBirth of jazzPlay some jazzhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxzCz6g_pCMStart at about 1 minute.Ku Klux Klan Fear of immigrants and blacksRevival of the Ku Klux Klan100% Americanism40% of membership in Ohio, Indiana, IllinoisBigotry and racismClaimed to fight the decline in morality, used the cross as their symbol

Fighting for the FaithShould Christians compromise for the sake of Christian unity?Fighting for the FaithSocial gospel movementDarwinismFundamentalists

Fighting for the FaithFundamentalists broke from their denominations and started new ones or booted those who promoted a false gospel.Fundamentalists hold that there are certain fundamental doctrines that one cant deny and still be a Christian.Fighting for the FaithWhat are some of these fundamentals?Authority of the ScripturesThe deity of ChristAtonement through ChristResurrectionSecond ComingFighting for the FaithAnti-evolutionEffort to remove teaching about evolution from public schoolsTennessee passed a law disallowing teaching evolutionJohn T. Scopes challenged the law.Clarence Darrow v. William Jennings BryanScopes was convicted, but the evolutions won the media battle.

Fighting for the FaithFundamentalist SuccessesBacklash against the secularization of societyBible colleges and seminaries were established in the 1920sEvangelists used the radio to spread the gospelCamp meetings and revivalsBilly Sunday

From Roar to Ruin