Chapter 2: Studies of Human Learning and Memory
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Transcript of Chapter 2: Studies of Human Learning and Memory
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Chapter 2:Studies of Human
Learning and Memory
From Mechanisms of Memory, second editionBy J. David Sweatt, Ph.D.
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Medium Spiny Neuron
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Figure 1
A Current Conception of the major memory systems in the brain
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Figure 2
Major Brain Regions and Temporal Lobe System
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Visual
Somatosensory
Olfactory
Auditory
Perirhinal Cortex
Entorhinal Cortex
Dentate Gyrus
CA3
CA1
Sensory RegionsOf Cortex
Perirhinal/ Entorhinal
Cortex
HippocampalFormation
Hippocampal Connectivity in the CNS
Figure 3
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Figure 4
Hippocampal Pyramidal Neuron
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Subiculum/Entorhinal Cortex
Figure 5
EntorhinalCortex
Dentate Gyrus
CA3
CA1
PerforantPathway
MossyFibers
Lateral Septum
Amygdala,Cortex
SchafferCollaterals
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Serotonin
GABAergic Interneuron
CA1 Axon
Schaffer Collaterals
CA3
CA1
Entorhinal Cortex
CA1 Outputs
A B
C
Hippocampal Output Pathway & Intrinsic Circuit
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Figure 6
H.M. Control
MRI scan of H.M. and control brain
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Surgeon’s Estimate of H.M.’s lesions
Revised Estimatebased on MRI
Figure 7
MRI of HM’s Brain lesions
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Figure 8
E F
Virtual Reality Town used in episodic memory studies
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Figure 9
A
B
London Taxi driver study
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Figure 10
Excellence in motor learning and memory
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Figure 11
Summary Scheme of interaction between motor centers
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Figure 12
Basal Ganglia in the Human Brain
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Figure 13
Cortex
Striatum
Caudate/Putamen/
Accumbens
Substantia Nigra
Globus
Pallidus
Subthalamic
Nucleus
Thalamus
Ventral Anterior & Ventral Lateral
Nuclei
Motor Pre-MotorPre-Frontal (Sensory)
The Striatal Motor Learning System
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Figure 14
Rajan Srinavasen Mahadevan
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Figure 15
1000 Decimal places of pi
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Figure 16
Kim Peek
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Blue Box 1
Neuroimaging of the retrieval of the Spatial Context of an Event
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Movies Using Amnesia as a Plot Device
Movie Director (plus Notable Actors) YearAnterograde Amnesia:Memento Christopher Nolan (Guy Pearce) 2001
Finding Nemo Andrew Stanton (Animated - Ellen DeGeneris as Dory) 2003
50 First Dates Peter Segal (Adam Sandler) 2004
Retrograde Amnesia:The Bourne Identity Doug Liman (Matt Damon) 2002
Total Recall Paul Verhoeven (Arnold Schwarzenegger, Sharon Stone) 1990
Spellbound Alfred Hitchcock (Ingrid Bergman, Gregory Peck) 1945
Eternal Sunshine Michel Gondry (Jim Carrey, Kate Winslet) 2004of the Spotless Mind
The Forgotten Joseph Ruben (Julianne Moore) 2004
Men in Black Barry Sonnenfeld (Tommy Lee Jones, Will Smith) 1997
Not Sure:Mulholland Drive David Lynch (Michael J. Anderson, Diane Baker) 2001
Table 1
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Multiple Memory Systems in the Human CNS Memory Subtype Corresponding CNS SubregionWorking Memory Prefrontal Cortex, contributions from Caudate Nucleus
Declarative, Episodic, and Spatial Medial Temporal Lobe system including the Memory Hippocampus, Dentate Gyrus, Ento-rhinal and Peri-
rhinal cortices
Habits, Motor Skills, Procedural Striatum (Caudate Nucleus and Putamen), Globus Memory Pallidus*, and Cerebellum
Priming Occipital Cortex, Neocortex in general
Aversive Associative Conditioning Amygdala
Motoric Associative Conditioning Cerebellum
Olfactory and Taste Conditioning Olfactory Bulb, Insular Cortex, Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (NTS), positive and negative reinforcement systems (Amygdala or Nucleus Accumbens)
Sensitization, Habituation Spinal Cord, Brainstem Nuclei, Amygdala
Circadian Rhythm Hypothalamus – Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Reward, Positive Reinforcement, Nucleus Accumbens, Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)Addiction
*Collectively the Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, and Globus Pallidus are referred to as the Basal Ganglia.
Table 2
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Memory-associated Cognitive Dysfunction in Humans
Disease or Syndrome Type of Memory Affected Likely Anatomical Locus or Involved*
Schizophrenia Working Memory Prefrontal Cortex
Major Depression Declarative Memory ?
Aging-related Dementias Long-term Declarative and Temporal Lobe HippocampalEpisodic Memory System
Korsakoff’s Syndrome Long-term Declarative and Mamillary Bodies, Limbic(Alcoholism, Malnutrition) Episodic Memory System, Thalamus
Huntington’s Disease and Motor Learning, Habit Learning Nigro-striatal SystemParkinson’s Disease
Attention Deficit Generalized or Specific Learning Frontal Lobes?
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Disabilities, Dyslexia Basal Ganglia?
Post-traumatic Aversive Associative Conditioning, Amygdala, HippocampusStress Disorder* (PTSD) Lack of Extinction
Table 3
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Major Neurotransmitters in the Hippocampus
Neurotransmitter Abbreviation, Synonym General role
Serotonin 5HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine neuromodulation
Dopamine DA neuromodulation
Acetylcholine ACh neuromodulation
Norepinephrine NE neuromodulation
Gamma-amino GABA inhibitory transmissionButyric Acid
Glutamate Glu excitatory transmission
Table 4