1. LouisYasmina RaidanGrace Jaydeep

2. Memory Process by which information is: Acquired Encoding Stored in the brain Storage Later retrieved Retrieval Eventually (possibly) forgotten 3. Information-Processing Model of Memory Computer as a model for our memory Three types of memory Sensory memory Short-term memory (STM) Long-term memory (LTM) Can hold vast quantities of information formany years 4. Information-Processing Model of Memory RetrievalAttention Encoding SensoryShort-term Long-termStimulus memorymemory memoryForgetting ForgettingForgetting 5. Sensory Memory Stores all the stimuli thatregister on the senses Lasts up to three secondsSensory Two typesSensory Iconic memory InputMemory Visual Usually lasts about 0.3 seconds Sperlings tests (1960s) Echoic memory (well comeback to this) 6. Sperlings Experiment 7. Sensory Memory Echoic memory Sensory memory for auditory input that lasts only 2 to 3 secondsWhy do we need sensory memory? 8. Short-term Memory Limited capacity Can hold 7 2 items for about 20 seconds Maintenance rehearsal The use of repetition to keep info in short-term memory CHUNK Meaningful unit of information Without rehearsal, we remember 4 2 chunks With rehearsal, we remember 7 2 chunks Ericsson & Chase (1982) 893194434925021578416685061209488885687727 31418610546297480129497496592280 9. Short-term Memory000545404844846647741506113 10. Short-term Memory5695 33475839 75218814 11. Long-term Memory Once information passes from sensory to short-termmemory, it can be encoded into long-term memory RetrievalAttention EncodingSensory Sensory Working or Long-termMemoryShort-termmemory Input Memory 12. Long-term memory - Encoding Elaborative rehearsal A technique for transferring information into long- term memory by thinking about it in a deeper way Levels of processing Semantic is more effective than visual or acoustic processing 13. Long-term memory Procedural (Implicit) Memories of behaviors, skills, etc. Demonstrated through behavior Declarative (Explicit) Memories of facts Episodic personal experiences tied to places & time Semantic general knowledge 14. Retrieval Retrieval Process that controls flow of informationfrom long-term to working memory store Explicit memory The types of memory elicited through theconscious retrieval of recollections inresponse to direct questions Implicit memory A nonconscious recollection of a priorexperience that is revealed indirectly, by itseffects on performance 15. Retrieval Explicit Memory Retrieval failure Tip-of-the-tongue (Brown & McNeill) Retrieval failure is a common experience. Have youever felt as thought a word or name you were tryingto recall was just out of reach on the tip of yourtongue? 16. Retrieval Explicit Memory Context-Dependent Memory We are more successful at retrieving memories if we are in the same environment in which we stored them State-Dependent Memory We are more successful at retrieving memories if we are in the same mood as when we stored them 17. Retrieval Implicit Memory Showing knowledge of something withoutrecognizing that we know it Research with amnesics Dj vu The illusion that a new situation is familiar 18. Forgetting Lack of encoding Often, we dont even encode the features necessary to remember an object/event Decay Memory traces erode with the passage of time No longer a valid theory of forgetting Jenkins & Dallenbach (1924) 19. Forgetting Repression There are times when we are unable to remember painful past events While there is no laboratory evidence for this, case studies suggest that memories can be repressed for a number of years and recovered in therapy 20. Interference theory Forgetting is a result of some memories interfering with others Proactive interference Old memories interfere with ability toremember new memories Retroactive interference New memories interfere with ability toremember old memories Interference is stronger when material is similar 21. Memory Construction Schema theory Illusory memories People sometimes create memories that are completely false 22. Improving Memory Practice time Distribute your studying over time Depth of processing Spend quality time studying Verbal mnemonics Use rhyming to reduce the amount of info to be stored 23. Improving Memory Interference Study right before sleeping & review all the materialright before the exam Allocate an uninterrupted chunk of time to one course Context reinstatement Try to study in the same environment & mood in whichyou will be taking the exam 24. Test 25. Photographic memoryThe problem essentially the confusion overthe term and many individuals believe thata photographic memory is supposed topresent a photographic image in their brainof the information. 26. THANK YOUFORLISTENING