Chapter 2Chapter 2

MineralsMinerals

VocabularyVocabulary Element Atomic number Energy level mass number Compound Chemical bond Ion Ionic bond Covalent bond Fracture Density

Element Atomic number Energy level mass number Compound Chemical bond Ion Ionic bond Covalent bond Fracture Density

Metallic bond Mineral Silicate Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Streak Luster Crystal form Hardness Mohs scale cleavage

Metallic bond Mineral Silicate Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

Streak Luster Crystal form Hardness Mohs scale cleavage

I. Elements and the Periodic Table

I. Elements and the Periodic Table

A. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.1. There are 112 known elements, 92 occur

naturally, while others are man made.2. Only eight elements make up the Earth’s

crust.1. Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium,

Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium

3. Organized for there properties.a. Rows are called periodsb. Columns are called groups.

A. An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.1. There are 112 known elements, 92 occur

naturally, while others are man made.2. Only eight elements make up the Earth’s

crust.1. Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Calcium,

Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium

3. Organized for there properties.a. Rows are called periodsb. Columns are called groups.

II. AtomsII. AtomsA. Ions are charged B. An atom is the smallest particle of matter

that contains the characteristics of an element.1. Center is known as the nucleus.

a. Contains protons and neutrons1. Protons are positive, and has about the same mass as the

neutron.2. The atomic number is the number of protons that are

located in that element.3. Neutrons are neutral

2. Electrons are negative charged and are located around the outside of the nucleus.a. They are the smallest particles in the atom.b. They are located in energy levels, which they move up

and down when they get excited.

A. Ions are charged B. An atom is the smallest particle of matter

that contains the characteristics of an element.1. Center is known as the nucleus.

a. Contains protons and neutrons1. Protons are positive, and has about the same mass as the

neutron.2. The atomic number is the number of protons that are

located in that element.3. Neutrons are neutral

2. Electrons are negative charged and are located around the outside of the nucleus.a. They are the smallest particles in the atom.b. They are located in energy levels, which they move up

and down when they get excited.

III. Why Atoms bond III. Why Atoms bond

A. A compound is a substance that consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions.1. They form when atoms are more stable.2. They want to complete their outer

shells by obtaining 8 electrons on the outside shell.

A. A compound is a substance that consists of two or more elements that are chemically combined in specific proportions.1. They form when atoms are more stable.2. They want to complete their outer

shells by obtaining 8 electrons on the outside shell.

IV. Types of Chemical Bonds

IV. Types of Chemical Bonds

A. Ionic Bond form between positive and negative ions.1. They are rigid solids with high

melting and boiling points.2. Poor conductors of electricity.3. Usually consist of groups 1 and 2

with elements from groups 16 and 17.

A. Ionic Bond form between positive and negative ions.1. They are rigid solids with high

melting and boiling points.2. Poor conductors of electricity.3. Usually consist of groups 1 and 2

with elements from groups 16 and 17.

B. Covalent Bonds form when atoms share electrons.1. They have low melting and boiling

points. C. Metallic Bonds form when electrons

are shared by metal ions. 1. Can be easily shaped.

B. Covalent Bonds form when atoms share electrons.1. They have low melting and boiling

points. C. Metallic Bonds form when electrons

are shared by metal ions. 1. Can be easily shaped.

V. MineralsV. Minerals

A. A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.

B. All have the following characteristics1. Naturally occurring2. Solid substance3. Orderly crystalline structure4. Definite chemical composition5. Generally considered inorganic.

A. A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite chemical composition.

B. All have the following characteristics1. Naturally occurring2. Solid substance3. Orderly crystalline structure4. Definite chemical composition5. Generally considered inorganic.

C. How minerals form1. There are four major processes by which

minerals form:a. Crystallization from magma

1. Rich in iron, calcium, and magnesium start then at end,

sodium, potassium, and aluminum form.

b. Precipitation1. Water on Earth contains

dissolved substances. Evaporation leaves these

behind to condense into minerals.

C. How minerals form1. There are four major processes by which

minerals form:a. Crystallization from magma

1. Rich in iron, calcium, and magnesium start then at end,

sodium, potassium, and aluminum form.

b. Precipitation1. Water on Earth contains

dissolved substances. Evaporation leaves these

behind to condense into minerals.

c. Hydrothermal Solutions1. Very hot solution, temps.

Between 100oC and 300oC,

come in contact with other

minerals and then you get a

chemical reaction.d. Pressure and Temperature1. Minerals are subjected to

extreme temperature and/or pressure

changes.

c. Hydrothermal Solutions1. Very hot solution, temps.

Between 100oC and 300oC,

come in contact with other

minerals and then you get a

chemical reaction.d. Pressure and Temperature1. Minerals are subjected to

extreme temperature and/or pressure

changes.

D. Properties of Minerals.1. Color

a. The first thing to notice, small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors.2. Streak

a. The color of a mineral in its

powdered form.3. Luster

a. Is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral.

D. Properties of Minerals.1. Color

a. The first thing to notice, small amounts of different elements can give the same mineral different colors.2. Streak

a. The color of a mineral in its

powdered form.3. Luster

a. Is used to describe how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral.

4. Crystal Forma. This is the visible expression of a

mineral’s internal arrangement of

atoms.5. Hardness (Mohs Scale)

a. 1 (softest) - 10 (hardest)6. Cleavage

a. The tendency of a mineral to cleave, or

break along flat even surfaces.7. Fracture

a. Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken, but rather break unevenly.

4. Crystal Forma. This is the visible expression of a

mineral’s internal arrangement of

atoms.5. Hardness (Mohs Scale)

a. 1 (softest) - 10 (hardest)6. Cleavage

a. The tendency of a mineral to cleave, or

break along flat even surfaces.7. Fracture

a. Minerals that do not show cleavage when broken, but rather break unevenly.

8. Densitya. The property of all

matter that is the ratio of an

objects mass to its volume. D=M/V g/cm3

E. Distinctive properties1.Talc=Soapy 2. Graphite=write3. Magnitite=Magnetic

4.Carbonate=fizz

8. Densitya. The property of all

matter that is the ratio of an

objects mass to its volume. D=M/V g/cm3

E. Distinctive properties1.Talc=Soapy 2. Graphite=write3. Magnitite=Magnetic

4.Carbonate=fizz

VI. Mineral GroupsVI. Mineral Groups

A.Carbonate Minerals.1. The carbonate groups is made of

one carbon atom combined with three oxygen atoms, and has a negative charge of two.2. The rocks limestone and marble are

made almost entirely of carbonate

minerals.

A.Carbonate Minerals.1. The carbonate groups is made of

one carbon atom combined with three oxygen atoms, and has a negative charge of two.2. The rocks limestone and marble are

made almost entirely of carbonate

minerals.

3. Types of Carbonatesa. The most common carbonate

mineral is calcite.1. Has three prefect cleavages

that meet at oblique angels, and can

be easily identified using the acid test.b. Dolmite

1. Is a calcium magnesium carbonate, that has a hardness of

3.5-4 and cleaves into rhombs.

3. Types of Carbonatesa. The most common carbonate

mineral is calcite.1. Has three prefect cleavages

that meet at oblique angels, and can

be easily identified using the acid test.b. Dolmite

1. Is a calcium magnesium carbonate, that has a hardness of

3.5-4 and cleaves into rhombs.

Calcite

Calcite

Dolmite

B. Iron Oxide and Sulfide minerals1. An oxide is a mineral consisting of a

metal element combined with oxygen.2. Types of minerals.a. Hematite is the most common

iron oxide mineral, with a hardness of 5-6 and is red with

an earthy luster, and will have a

red-brown streak.b. Magnetite is a black magnetic iron

oxide, with a hardness of 5.5-6.5 and is highly magnetic.

B. Iron Oxide and Sulfide minerals1. An oxide is a mineral consisting of a

metal element combined with oxygen.2. Types of minerals.a. Hematite is the most common

iron oxide mineral, with a hardness of 5-6 and is red with

an earthy luster, and will have a

red-brown streak.b. Magnetite is a black magnetic iron

oxide, with a hardness of 5.5-6.5 and is highly magnetic.

Magnetite

3. A sulfide is a metal element combined

with sulfur.4. Type of sulfide minerals.

a. Pyrite is the most common sulfide mineral and has a color from pale

brass to golden-yellow with a hardness of 6. C. Silicate Minerals1. More than 90 percent of the minerals in

Earth’s crust are made of silicates.2. They consist of four oxygen atoms

bounded to a central silicon atom.

3. A sulfide is a metal element combined

with sulfur.4. Type of sulfide minerals.

a. Pyrite is the most common sulfide mineral and has a color from pale

brass to golden-yellow with a hardness of 6. C. Silicate Minerals1. More than 90 percent of the minerals in

Earth’s crust are made of silicates.2. They consist of four oxygen atoms

bounded to a central silicon atom.

Pyrite

3. Examples of silicate minerals.a. Quartz is made entirely of silica and has

a glassy or greasy luster. It fractures are

irregular, with a hardness of 7. It is

colorless, but may have some pink, purple, brown or gray.b. Feldspar makes up 60 percent of the

crust, and had two directions of cleavage with a hardness of 6.

3. Examples of silicate minerals.a. Quartz is made entirely of silica and has

a glassy or greasy luster. It fractures are

irregular, with a hardness of 7. It is

colorless, but may have some pink, purple, brown or gray.b. Feldspar makes up 60 percent of the

crust, and had two directions of cleavage with a hardness of 6.

1. There are two types of feldspar. A. Potassium feldspar.

1. Most common and known as orthoclase. Has a white or

cream color with two cleavage

surfaces that meet at a right

angle. B. Sodium-calcite feldspar

1. Known as plagioclase and has a white to gray color. It also

has two cleavage surfaces

that meet at slightly less than

a right angle.

1. There are two types of feldspar. A. Potassium feldspar.

1. Most common and known as orthoclase. Has a white or

cream color with two cleavage

surfaces that meet at a right

angle. B. Sodium-calcite feldspar

1. Known as plagioclase and has a white to gray color. It also

has two cleavage surfaces

that meet at slightly less than

a right angle.

Potassium Feldspar

Sodium Feldspar

Quartz

C. Mica 1. A soft silicate that is found in many

rocks that is flat, shiny and flakes are easily picked out of rocks. 2. Muscovite is silvery white, and

Biotite is dark brown or black, both are soft and have a hardness of about 2.5 with perfect cleavages.D. Talc 1. The softest mineral with a white to

grayish color and had one good cleavage. This mineral also has a soapy feel.

C. Mica 1. A soft silicate that is found in many

rocks that is flat, shiny and flakes are easily picked out of rocks. 2. Muscovite is silvery white, and

Biotite is dark brown or black, both are soft and have a hardness of about 2.5 with perfect cleavages.D. Talc 1. The softest mineral with a white to

grayish color and had one good cleavage. This mineral also has a soapy feel.

Muscovite

Talc

E. Amphiboles 1. Forms long, needlelike crystals, and

is the most common form of hornblende. 2.Usually dark green had has two

good cleavages that meet at oblique angles. Has a hardness of 5-6.F. Pyroxenes 1. Augite is the most common member and

is dark green brown, and has two good

cleavages with a hardness between 5-6.

E. Amphiboles 1. Forms long, needlelike crystals, and

is the most common form of hornblende. 2.Usually dark green had has two

good cleavages that meet at oblique angles. Has a hardness of 5-6.F. Pyroxenes 1. Augite is the most common member and

is dark green brown, and has two good

cleavages with a hardness between 5-6.

Hornblende

Augite

G. Olivine 1. Is green and has a hardness

around 6.5.H. Garnet 1. Is dark red to brown had has a

hardness from 6.5-7.5.I. Kaolinite1.Usually is yellow with a hardness of 1-

2 and also has a greasy feel.

G. Olivine 1. Is green and has a hardness

around 6.5.H. Garnet 1. Is dark red to brown had has a

hardness from 6.5-7.5.I. Kaolinite1.Usually is yellow with a hardness of 1-

2 and also has a greasy feel.

Olivine

Garnet

Kaolinite