Chapter 2. Explain what the music of various cultures teaches us about the cultures and their...
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Transcript of Chapter 2. Explain what the music of various cultures teaches us about the cultures and their...
Music CultureChapter 2
Explain what the music of various cultures teaches us about the cultures and their people.
Identify classifications and specific types of musical instruments and the sound each produces.
Analyze examples of traditional music form distinct world cultures.
Describe the history and contribution of Motown to American popular music.
Discuss the characteristics of classical music.
What You Will Learn
Anthropologists Ethnomusicologists Culture Music culture Rhythm Timbre Genre
Musical style Traditional music Popular music Classical music Gamelan Chamber music
Vocabulary
Berry Gordy Jr.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Musician Profiles
Cultural foundations of music◦ Instruments have been found dating back to 2000
B.C.◦ Ancient artwork shows people playing instruments
Art was important Art helped define the culture
Music Cultures and Instrumental Timbres
Many cultures have unwritten musical traditions◦ Two groups study these traditions◦ Anthropologists –
Scholars who study the physical and cultural characteristics and social customs of a group of people
◦ Ethnomusicologists – Scholars who study the music of different cultural
groups◦ They both study written and unwritten music and
how music and culture influence one another
Exploring Music and Culture
Culture –◦ The customs, beliefs, language, arts and institutions
of a group of people that are learned and transmitted within the group
Culture can apply to any specific group within a society
Music Culture –◦ The performance practices, means, traditions, uses,
and beliefs about music of a group of people, either from a specific time or place
◦ Many cultures have unwritten musical traditions◦ Music traditions are best view in the context in which
they originate
Toward a definition of culture
Melody –◦ Logical succession of musical tones
Rhythm –◦ The way the beats or pulses are organized and
subdivided Timbre –
◦ The distinct tonal quality of an instrument or voice, which is clearly identifiable by the ear (tone color)
Pitch –◦ The highness or lowness of sound determined by
its frequency of vibration
Elements of Music
Aerophone–◦ Instruments that produce sound by a vibration of
air – flutes, oboes, trombones
Identifying instrumental timbres
Idiophones –◦ Simple solid instruments that produce sound by
being struck, scraped, or shaken – gongs, cymbals, rattles, xylophone.
Identifying Instrumental timbres
Membranophones – ◦ Instruments that produce sound by striking or
rubbing a skin or membrane stretched across a resonating air chamber – conga, drums, timpani
Identifying Instrumental timbres
Chordophones – ◦ Instruments that create sound by striking,
rubbing, or plucking a taut string – guitar, harp, violin
Identifying Instrumental timbres
Electrophones – ◦ Instruments that generate sound from electricity –
electric organs and synthesizers
Identifying Instrumental timbres
Categorizing familiar musical instruments◦ Create a list of music instruments with which you
are familiar.◦ Classify the instruments into the five basic
categories: aerophones, idiophones, membranophnes, chordophones, or electrophones.
◦ What characteristics of the instruments helped you classify them?
◦ Are there any instruments that might fall into more than one category? How did you decide?
Activity 1, p. 27 CD
Instruments are identified by the range of pitches they can play
Pitch is effected by the size of the instrument – larger is lower
Stretching a membrane raises pitch
Identifying instrumental pitch ranges
For each excerpt, describe all the timbres and identify the instruments producing the sounds your hear. Locate the general pitch range you hear for each instrument on the chart on p. 28. then, classify the instruments according to their appropriate category.
Excerpt 1◦ “Moto Perpetuo”◦ Metal timbre◦ Steel pans◦ Range about that of a piano◦ idiophone
Activity 2, p. 28 1:25-32
Excerpt 2◦ “Exploration”◦ Horn timbre◦ Conch shells, drums◦ Range of trombone◦ Aerophone & idiophone
Excerpt 3◦ “Libertango Tango Suite”◦ String, accordian timbre◦ Cello, bandoneon◦ Range of cello – clarinet◦ Chordophone & aerophone
Activity 2, p. 28
Excerpt 4◦ “Three-Part Invention No. 15”◦ String & wood timbres◦ Banjo, violin, marimba◦ Range from cello – violin◦ Chordophones & idiophones
Excerpt 5◦ “Piano and Woodwind Quartet”◦ Woodwind timbres◦ Flute, oboe, clarinet bassoon, horn◦ Range from horn – flute◦ aerophone
Activity 2, p. 28
Excerpt 6◦ “Flight of the Bumblebee”◦ Brass timbre◦ Trumpet, horn, trombone, tuba◦ Range of tuba-trumpet◦ Aerophone
Excerpt 7◦ “Papa Was a Rolling Stone”◦ Guitar and drum timbres◦ Electric guitar◦ Range bass guitar-lead guitar◦ electrophones
Activity 2, p. 28
Excerpt 8◦ “What Child is This?”◦ electronic timbres◦ English horn, synthesized bass◦ Range bass guitar – English horn◦ Aerophone & electrophone
Activity 2, p. 28
Design an instrument from each category(except electrophone). Either build the instruments or write a short paragraph about how you would build each instrument. You can build some instruments and write about others.
Assignment
Brainstorm a definition of each of the three musical categories: traditional, classical, and popular.
Musical Categories
Genre -◦ A particular type of music with a distinctive form or
sound Musical style –
◦ A form of expression within a musical genre You can identify music by making certain
distinctions◦ What instruments are playing – symphony or rock
band◦ Behavior and dress of the musicians◦ Social and cultural context – also helps us
understand the culture
Traditional, Popular, and Classical music
Informal music that develops within and is strongly associated with a cultural group or region – “folk music”◦ Closely tied to language and customs◦ Participatory◦ Oldest and most prevalent category◦ Ceremonial, religious, celebratory, or
entertainment◦ Rarely written down or used for commercial
purposes◦ Taught by word of mouth in social settings
Traditional Music
Music intended for a wide audience, often featuring prominent melodies◦ Mostly for entertainment◦ Participatory◦ Has roots in traditional and classical music
Popular Music
A style of art music that stands apart from traditional or popular music◦ Musicians have formal training◦ Not participatory◦ Associated with more educated members of
society◦ At one time, only wealthy citizens and leaders
were allowed this music.
Classical music
Categorize and evaluate music in terms of genre◦ Listen to the first two examples. Then, describe
the following. Its social function: Where would your hear it? What
function does it serve? Its music qualities: What do you hear? Do you hear
repetition? A strong beat or melody?◦ Now listen to two different recordings of the same
pieces. Would you categorize these in the same way? Do you think the function or intended audience is different? Explain.
Activity 3, p. 31 CD 1:33-36
Some cultures have musical expressions so distinctive that they are immediately recognizable
Mexico – large country with many regions◦ Music plays a central role in the lives of the
people
Traditional Music Cultures
Influences◦ Native cultures - Religious and social music was
important◦ Spanish - introduced a wide variety of music and
instruments◦ Enslaved Africans and Caribbean immigrants
influenced Mexican music◦ This blend is called mestizso – mixed culture
The Music of Mexico
Each region produces its own unique musical forms
All use Spanish instruments Music used for baptism, birthdays,
weddings, anniversaries, funerals, civic ceremonies, and religious holidays
The Music of Mexico
East – Veracruz◦ Played on 4 instruments
Arpa – 36 string harp that plays melody and bass Requinto jarocho – 4 stringed guitar that plays
melody Jarana – thin guitar that plays rhythmic and harmonic
accompaniment Six-string guitar – rhythmic and harmonic
accompaniment◦ Sones jarochos – traditional songs◦ Activity 4, p.33 – CD 2:33 La Bamba
Regional Music
Province of the Republic of Indonesia, north of Australia
People are know for their uniquely ritualistic forms of music, drama, and dance
Islam is the predominant religion in Indonesia
Hindu is the most common in Bali
Bali
Nearly everyone in Bali is an artist
Gamelan – ◦ A Balinese music ensemble or
performing group◦ Many types of groups◦ Musicians play metallophones,
gongs, cymbals, drums, flutes, and a 2-stringed fiddle
◦ Musicians are male, the women dance
◦ Dances relate to religious stories of the region
The Music of Bali
One of the most popular dance dramas Struggle between good and evil Accompanied by a gamelan orchestra
The Barong Dance
Overture to the Barong Dance (Balinese Gamelan)
Can you detect two distinct moods? Describe them.◦ One is dramatic and spirited the other is calm and
peaceful. The moods represent the struggle between good and evil
Is there any repetition?◦ Yes, there a repeated patterns.
Does the tempo stay the same or change often?◦ The tempo changes from fast slow and back
What instrument leads the group?◦ Drums
Activity 5, p. 35 CD 2:1
Where and what is Motown Motown is the nickname for
Detroit, Michigan In music it means the name of
one of the most successful and influential music recording and publishing empires in the world
At one time it was the largest business in the US owned by African Americans
Popular Music Cultures
Berry Gordy, Jr. (assembly line worker) started Motown records in the late 1950’s with a borrowed $800
The first hit was in 1960 “Money” In 1961 he signed the Supremes Motown of the 60’s established a sound and a
style of dress and performance It helped propel African American artists into
the mainstream
The history of Motown records
The Supremes
Berry Gordy Jr.
Berry Gordy built Motown into a powerful force with groups like Smokey Robinson and the Miracles, The Temptations, and Marvin Gaye
75% of Motown releases became hits In 1988 he was inducted into the Rock and
Roll Hall of Fame That year he sold Motown records for $61
million. Most of the music was simple and happy
Motown
Gordy was famous for asking, “Let’s say you’ve got a dollar and you’re hungry. Would you buy a sandwich or would you buy this record?”
“Dancing in the Street” List 4 reasons why you believe this song
clearly was preferred over the sandwich. As you listen, try to name the major cities
the group sings about.◦ Chicago, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia,
Baltimore, D.C., Detroit, LA
Activity 6, p. 39 CD 2:2
Cover –◦ One musicians’ playing or recording of a song
made famous by another artist Activity 6, p. 39 CD 2. 3 & 4
◦ Which version is the cover?
Original Tunes and Covers
“Do You Love Me?”◦ Written by Berry Gordy◦ Recorded by The Contours in 1962 – went to #3
on the charts◦ Recorded by the Dave Clark Five in 1964 and
went to #11◦ Released in 1988 and returned to #11.
Activity 7, p. 40 CD 2:5
Many cultures have produced classical music throughout history
Classical music is usually associated with Europe between 175 and 1830
The Classical Period◦ Patronage system
Composers and musicians were supported by the rich(royalty and church leaders
They were employees and taught the wealthy students
Classical Music Cultures
As the period advanced, more people made more money
As they made more money, the middle class wanted to share in the cultural entertainments of the elite class
Their children took music lessons Composers were influenced by the tastes of
the middle class◦ Some wrote music for amateur musicians◦ They used familiar folk and popular tunes in their
music◦ Mozart and Haydn wrote dance music for public balls
The emerging Middle Class
Music written during the classical period for small ensembles
Music was played in small private homes, not concert halls
Theme and variations was popular during this period Activity 9, p. 44 CD 2:6 Quintet for Clarinet and
Strings in A Major by Mozart◦ How is a sense of unity achieved?
Each variation is based on the same theme◦ How is variety achieved?
Changes in tone color, tempo, dynamics, tonality, & articulation◦ What in the music suggests that Mozart had a sense of
humor? Use of staccato, tempo changes, and the surprising ending
Chamber music
1756-1791 One of the world’s most celebrated composers Musical genius Child prodigy – performing for royalty and composed his
first symphony at age 8 and his first opera at age 11 Wrote sacred works, piano music, orchestral works, vocal
music, chamber music concertos, and operas Operas – The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and
The Magic Flute (still performed today) His music reflects his wide range of moods, formal
perfection, rich harmony, ingenious coloration and melodic beauty
Died in poverty at age 35
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Music written during the Classical period for small ensembles◦ Chamber music
Form of expression within a musical genre◦ Musical style
Scholar who studies the music of different cultural groups◦ Ethnomusicologist
The name of music intended for a wide audience, featuring prominent melodies and simple chordal accompaniment◦ Popular music
Review - terms
Designates a particular type of music with a distinctive form or sound◦ Genre
Instruments that produce sound by a vibrating column of air◦ Aerophones
The distinct tonal quality of an instrument or voice, which is clearly identified by the ear◦ Tone color
Balinese music ensemble◦ Gamelan
Review – more terms
Performance practices, means, traditions, uses and beliefs about music of a group of people, either from a specific time or place◦ Music culture
Simple solid instruments that produce sound by being struck, scraped, or shaken◦ Idiophones
Instruments that generate sound from electricity◦ Electrophones
The oldest more prevalent category of music◦ Traditional music
Style of “art” music that stands apart from traditional or popular music?◦ Classical music
Review – even more terms
ReviewMotown• one of the most successful and influential music recording and publishing empires•Located in Detroit, Michigan•One of the most distinctive rock and roll music styles of the 20th century
All Music shares these common elements:•Melody•Rhythm•Timbre•pitch Influences of Mexican
music:•Spanish •African
Music Traditions•Many cultures have unwritten musical traditions•Music traditions are best viewed within the context of the culture
Random Information•The theme and variation was popular during the classical period•The larger the instrument the lower the pitch
Describe the history and contribution of Motown to American popular music. Name some of the artists.◦ History
late 1950’s Berry Gordy Jr., song writer and music producer, started a record company in Detroit
After his first hit, “Money”, in 1960 he looked for new artists
◦ Contributions New distinctive sound Influenced attitude and dress
◦ Artists The Supremes Marvin Gaye Smokey Robinson Michael Jackson
Explain the difference between traditional and popular musicTraditional Popular
Folk music Associated with
specific cultures or areas
Participatory Tied to language and
customs
Intended for wide audience
Reflects culture but can create its own culture
entertainment
Group 1◦ Brandon◦ Jory◦ Dakota
Chapter 2 project – Music Culture in Your Community
Group 2◦ Nataliya◦ Aaron◦ Kimberlee
Group 3◦ Kelly◦ Lindsy◦ Derek
Group 4◦ Kayla◦ Austin◦ Blake