Chapter 2 Corrected Oct062011

8/3/2019 Chapter 2 Corrected Oct062011

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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the Legal Aspects, Related Literature and Studies which

has bearing to the present studies

Legal Basis

A. Foreign

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the main federal law that

ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA, United States

Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) sets standards for drinking water

quality and oversees the states, localities, and water suppliers who implement

those standards. SDWA was originally passed by Congress in 1974 to protect

public health by regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. The law

was amended in 1986 and 1996 and requires many actions to protect drinking

water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground water

wells. This law contains requirements for ensuring the safety of the nation's

public drinking water supplies. This is the principal federal law concerning

drinking water. The SDWA authorized the to promulgate regulations regarding

water supply. The major regulations are in title 40 of the Code of Federal

Regulations (40CFR141, 40CFR142, and 40CFR143). Parts 141, 142, and

143 regulate primary contaminants, implementation by states, and secondary

contaminants. Primary contaminants are those with health impacts. State


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implementation allows states to be the primary regulators of the water

supplies (rather than USEPA) provided they meet certain requirements.

Secondary contaminants generally cause aesthetic problems and are not

directly harmful. (Wikipedia.com)

B. Local

Philippine Standards for Drinking Water 1993 (PNSDW 1993) under the

provision of Chapter II Section 9 of PD 856, otherwise known as the Code on

Sanitation of the Philippines is designed to guide the Waterworks Officials,

Developers and Operators of Water Supply Systems both Government and

Private entities, health and sanitation authorities and the general public and

all other concerned by standards cover requirements for the acceptable

values of the determined parameters in measuring water quality. These

parameters include microbiological, physical, chemical and radiological

compositions of the water. The standard also delineates values established in

conforming with the medical and health implication of the parameters as

opposed to values established purely to satisfy aesthetic requirements

(DENR Administrative Order No. 26-A,Series 1994)

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that the State shall pursue a

policy of economic growth in a manner consistent with the protection,

preservation and revival of the quality of our fresh, brackish and marine waters.

To achieve this end, the framework for sustainable development shall be


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pursued. This includes the use of water for domestic purposes like drinking and

potable water and also water treatment.

Related[DELETE] Literature

[USE JUSTIFY]Moringa Oleifera. According to the study that was made by researchers on

http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html, they say that crushed

Moringa seeds purify water to be used widely around a certain area and it can lower

the bacterial concentration in water so that it will be safe to drink. And it can also be

used as a quick and very simple method for cleaning dirty water in rivers. This simple

method does not only remove water pollution, but also removes harmful bacteria. They

also indicated on how it works, Moringa joins with the solids in the water and then they

both sink to the bottom. This kind of treatment removes 90-99% of bacteria in water.

They say that by using Moringa seeds, people will no longer be depending on

expensive means of purification. Using this method of purification will replace the use of

chemicals such as aluminum sulphate, which they say are dangerous to people and

especially the environment, and mostly these chemicals are very expensive. Every

different water sources will need different amounts of Moringa seeds, because

impurities on such waters will not be the same. Using a jar for experimenting will be a

bid help in working out the correct amount needed.

Heat. According to SODIS (Solar Disinfection), clean drinking water is lacking in

many parts of the world and many persons die because of this. It is estimated that two

million people die every year because of water related diseases. By using solar

radiation to kill bacteria and microorganisms, it would reduce the amount of people dead
http://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.htmlhttp://www.miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html


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and prevent diseases in a very useful and cheap way. This can be done with clear

plastic bottles made of clear plastic, then fill the plastic with water and fill with clear

water and place above roofs. The radiation will kill the microorganisms after 5-6 hours in

the sun. The method will be faster if the temperature is higher, it would be

recommended to paint half of the bottle black and the black part will face the ground or

the surface of the roof. This method only works in clear water not pond or river water

Microbes are destroyed through temperature and UVA radiation, provided by the

Sun. Water is placed in a transparent plastic bottle, which is oxygenated by shaking,

followed by topping-up. It is placed on tile or metal for six hours in full sun, which raises

the temperature and gives an extended dose of solar radiation, killing any microbes that

may be present. The combination of the two provides a simple method of disinfection for

tropical developing countries.

Water purification, or drinking water treatment, is the process of removing

contaminants from surface water or groundwater to make it safe and palatable for

human consumption. A wide variety of technologies may be used, depending on the raw

water source, contaminants present, standards to be met, and available finances.

Sources of Drinking Water Water to be used in public or private water supplies can be

drawn from a variety of sources. Different sources of raw water demand different

treatment methods to render it ft for human consumption. (microbiologyreader.com)

It is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, materials, and biological

contaminants from contaminated water. Its goal is to produce water fit for a sp ecific

purpose. Most water is purified for human consumption (drinking water) but water


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purification may also be designed for a variety of other purposes, including meeting the

requirements of medical, pharmacology, chemical and industrial applications. In general

the methods used include physical processes such as filtration and sedimentation,

biological processes such as slow sand filters or activated sludge, chemical processes

such as flocculation and chlorination and the use of electromagnetic radiation such as

ultraviolet light. (Wikipedia.com)

[REFER TO APA STYLE FOR IN TEXT FORMAT OF CITATION OF SOURCES]

Related Studies

[USE JUSTIFY]

A. Foreign Studies

In large scale treatment plants Aluminium Sulphate is used as a

conventional chemical coagulant. As an alternative to conventional coagulants,

Moringa oleifera seeds can be used as a natural coagulant in household water

treatment as well as in the community water treatment systems. Natural

coagulant properties were found in 6 different Moringa species by laboratory

studies. The seed kernels of Moringa oleifera contain significant quantities of low

molecular-weight, (water-soluble proteins) which carry a positive charge. When

the crushed seeds are added to raw water, the proteins produce positive charges

acting like magnets and attracking the predominantly negatively charged

particles such as clay, silk, bacterias, and other toxic particles in water). The

flocculation process occurs when the proteins bind the negatives charges

forming flocs through the aggregation of particles which are present in water.

These flocs are easly to remove by settling or filtration. The material can clarify


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not only highly turbid muddy water but also water of medium and low turbidity.

The level of turbidity influences the required time for the floculation. As with all

coagulants, the effectiveness of the seeds may vary from one raw water to

another. The practical application of dosing solutions is exactly the same as for

all other coagulants. Studies have been carried out to determine the potential

risks associated with the use of Moringa seeds in water treatment. To date, no

evidence has found that the seeds cause secondary effects in humans,

especially at the low doses

Within the pods are possibly the best part of the tree which are the seeds.

Not only can they be pressed for a high grade oil, comparable to olive oil, but

the press cake remaining after oil extraction has been shown to retain the

active ingredients for coagulation, making it a marketable commodity

(Folklard and Sutherland, 1996)

According to Meitzner and Price (Amaranth to Zai Holes: Ideas for

Growing Food Under Difficult Conditions, ECHO, 1996), Moringa oleifera has

been compared to alum in its effectiveness at removing suspended solids

from turbid water, but with a major advantage. Because it can be produced

locally, "using moringa rather than alum would save foreign exchange and

generate farm and employment income." The potential for moringa to create

a new market for a community is there, and studies and projects are taking

place examining this potential.


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At the Thyolo Water Treatment Works in Malawi, Africa, two

researchers, Drs. Geoff Folkard and John Sutherland from the University of

Leicester, England, have worked on substituting moringa seeds for alum to

remove solids in water for drinking. Not only were the tests successful in

removing as much solid material as alum, but the seeds used were

"purchased from enthusiastic villagers in Nsanje Region in Malawi" (Folkard

and Sutherland, 1996).

B. Local Studies

Sia (2008) reported that moringa seeds could treat water on two levels,

acting both as a coagulant and an antimicrobial agent. Moringa is generally

accepted as a coagulant due to positively charged, water-soluble proteins

which bind with negatively charged particles (silt, clay, bacteria, toxins, etc.)

allowing the resulting flocs to settle to the bottom or be removed by filtration.

The antimicrobial aspects of moringa continue to be researched. The process

of treating the water with moringa seeds would take at least one to two hours.

As reported by Helen Flores from The Philippine Star, Reports said

moringa seeds, seed kernels or dried presscake can be stored for long

periods but moringa solutions for treating water should be prepared fresh

each time. In general, one seed kernel will treat one liter of water. Solutions of

moringa seeds for water treatment may be prepared from seed kernels or

from the solid residue left over after oil extraction.

Chapter 2 Corrected Oct062011

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