Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life. Elements In the Human Body Major ElementsSymbolPercentage in body...
-
Upload
octavia-griffin -
Category
Documents
-
view
217 -
download
1
Transcript of Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life. Elements In the Human Body Major ElementsSymbolPercentage in body...
Elements In the Human Body
Major Elements Symbol Percentage in bodyOxygen O 65%Carbon C 18.5% Hydrogen H 9.5%Nitrogen N 3.2Calcium Ca 1.5Phosphorus P 1.0Potassium K 0.4Sulfur S 0.3Chlorine Cl 0.2Sodium Na 0.2 Magnesium Mg 0.1
2.3 Chemical Constituents of Cell
Organic – contain carbon and hydrogen atoms.Inorganic – molecules that does not contain
carbon and hydrogen.Inorganic substances dissolve in water or react
with water to release ions --- called electrolytes.
Inorganic Substances
Water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and salts.Water:-major component of blood.-important solvent-aqueous portion of blood carries vital
substances such as oxygen, sugars, salts, and vitamins, from the organs of digestion and respiration to the body cells.
Oxygen
Transported throughout the body by the blood.RBC bind and carry oxygen.Cells use oxygen to release energy from teh
sugar glucose and other nutrients.Energy drives the cell’s metabolic activities.
Carbon Dioxide
CO2
Produced as a waste product when certain metabolic processes release energy, and it is exhaled from the lungs.
Salts
Compound composed of oppositely-charged ions.Na+ and Cl- ------ NaCl saltSalts provide necessary ions: Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca+2…
Ions are important in metabolic processes.Transport of substances into and out of cells,
muscle contraction, and nerve impulse conduction.
Review questions
1. How do inorganic and organic molecules differ?Organic contains hydrogen and carbon.Inorganic doesn’t contain both hydrogen and
carbon.2. How do electrolytes and nonelectrolytes differ?Inorganic substances that dissolve in water and
release ions are called electrolytes ---organic substances that dissolve in water do not release ions and are called nonelectrolytes.
Carbohydrates
Provide much of the energy that cells require.Used to build cell structures.Stored energy.
Molecules:Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen(twice as many hydrogen than oxygen atoms)
Complex Carbohydrates
Disaccharides – double sugars.- sucrose, lactose.
Polysaccharides – many simple sugars joined.- plant starch- glycogen
Lipids
• Organic substances that are insoluble in water.• Soluble in certain organic solvents.Ex. Fats, phospholipids, steroids
Fats
• Store energy for cellular activities.• Can supply more energy per gram than
carbohydrate molecules.
Molecules:Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen-have a much smaller proportion of oxygen
atoms than do carbs.
Fatty acids and glycerol
• Building blocks of fat molecules.• Each glycerol molecule bonds with three fatty
acid molecules to produce a single fat. (triglyceride)
• Glycerol portions of all fat molecules are the same but the fats are diverse because there are many kinds of fatty acids.
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
Sing carbon-carbon bones –saturated fatty acid.Each carbon atom is bound to as many hydrogen
atoms as possible.
Other fatty acid chains do not have the max number of hydrogen atoms bound to it. Have one or more double bonds of carbon molecules. –unsaturated
Saturated and unsaturated fats.
PhospholipidPhospholipid – contains a glycerol portion and
two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group.Phosphate group is soluble in water. (hydrophilic)Fatty acid portion is insoluble in water. (hydrophobic)
Steroids • Complex structures with four connected rings
of carbon atoms.• Ex. Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone..
Proteins
• Energy source• Hormones• Structural materials• Glycoproteins – found on cell surfaces as
receptors that bond with certain molecules.• Antibodies – detect and destroy foreign
substances in the body.• Enzymes – catalyzes reactions.
Amino acids
• Building blocks of protein.• Contain: Nitrogen, sometimes sulfur
-NH2 (amino group)-COOH (carboxyl group)-R group (this distinguishes what type of amino
acid it is)
20 different amino acids
• Polypeptide chain
• Structure: primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.• Conformation: 3-d shape• Conformation determines its function.Types:Long and fibrous – keratin, forms hairGlobular – enzymes, ion channels, carrier proteins.
Denatured
When hydrogen bonds in a protein break because of excessive heat, radiation, electricity, pH changes, other chemicals.
Ex. Heat denatures the protein in egg white (albumin), changing it from a liquid to a solid.
Nucleic Acids
• Form genes and take part in protein synthesis.• Contain: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen,
and Phosphorus• Nucleotides: ribose or deoxyribose, phosphate
group, nitrogenous bases.
2 types
RNA (ribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – provide energy to certain chemical reactions.