CHAPTER 1_Origin of Crude
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Transcript of CHAPTER 1_Origin of Crude
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Outline
1. Overview of the OBE matters Course Learning Objectives Program Learning Objectives 2. 1st topic 3. Direction of this course 4. Activities
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Course Learning Outcomes
CO1- Ability to explain the origin and occurrence of crude oil and its important properties and composition.
CO2- Ability to illustrate the overall refinery operations of crude petroleum in converting raw materials to valuable major products.
CO3- Ability to analyze and distinguish specific major processes in petroleum refining and able to justify the health and safety issues arises due to process operation and chemicals used.
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Program Learning Outcomes
PLO1: Ability to identify and apply knowledge of mathematics, basic and applied science, engineering fundamentals and specialization to solve including complex engineering problems.
PLO2: Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems, including complex engineering problems, using the principles of mathematics, basic and applied science and engineering fundamentals.
PLO8: Ability to apply the knowledge of safety, health, and the environment and sustainable development issues in specific engineering scenarios.
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Topics covered
CHAPTER 1: Origin of crude oil
CHAPTER 2: Crude oil distillation
CHAPTER 3: Refinery feedstock and products
CHAPTER 4: Thermal cracking
CHAPTER 5: Hydrotreating
CHAPTER 6: Catalytic cracking
CHAPTER 7: Hydrocracking
CHAPTER 8: Reforming
CHAPTER 9: Alkylation and isomerization
CHAPTER 10: Future trend of crude oil
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Outline of 1st topic
1) Theory of crude oil formation 2) How crude oil is extracted 3) Crude oil composition 4) Physical properties of crude oil 5) Definition of refinery and its schematic
diagram
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What is petroleum?
.
Mixture of naturally occuring HC, refined into fuels and petrochemicals.
Also called CRUDE OIL Oily, flammable liquid consist of chemical compound of organic matter
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What is natural gas?
Produced in sedimentary rocks together with crude oil. Consisting mainly of methane, CH4 Mixture of: 85% CH4, 10% C2H6, 3% C3H8, C4H10, CO2, H2S, N2 & O2
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How there are formed?
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How do you extract them?
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Classification of crude oil
Differ in viscosity: 1. Field by field 2. The way petroleum composition was formed
Crude oil can be found either: - Lighter and sweet contains higher % of HC is more profitable
as fuel source. - Denser and sour less flammable level of HC & high S are
expensive to refine into fuel (suitable for plastic manufacturing)
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Basic of crude oil
Crude oil consists of: - Hydrogen+carbon hydrocarbons - Other elements like sulfur, nitrogen and various metals.
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Crude oil composition
- 3 general categories of hydrocarbon in crude oil:
1. Paraffins – saturated HCs 2. Naphthenes – cycloparafins 3. Aromatics – contains 1 or more benzene rings
- Non-hydrocarbon compounds: Sulfur compound Oxygen compound Metallic compound Salts
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Paraffin Consist of straight or branched carbon rings saturated with
hydrogen atoms, the simplest of which is methane (CH4) the main ingredient of natural gas. Other name: Alkane.
Hydrocarbon compound
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Naphthenes Consist of carbon rings, sometimes with side chains, saturated
with hydrogen atoms. Chemically stable, they occur naturally in crude oil and have
properties similar to paraffins. Other name: Cycloalkane.
Hydrocarbon compound
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Aromatic Contain a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating double
and single bonds and six attached hydrogen atoms. The simplest aromatic compound are benzene, toluene and
xylene. Important petrochemical intermediates & valuable
component for gasoline
Hydrocarbon compound
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Sulfur Compounds. Present in crude oil as hydrogen
sulfide (H2S), mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, thiophenes, etc.) or as elemental sulfur.
Harmful due to its corrosive nature.
Other corrosive substances are elemental sulfur and the combustion of petroleum products containing sulfur compounds produces undesirables such as sulfuric acid and sulfur dioxide.
Non-hydrocarbon compound
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Example picture of corroded
Heat Exchanger
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Oxygen Compounds Oxygen compounds such as phenols, ketones, and carboxylic
acids occur in crude oils in varying amounts. Their presence in petroleum stream is not poisonous to
processing catalyst
Non-hydrocarbon compound
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Metallic Compounds Metals, including nickel, iron, and vanadium found in crude
oils in small quantities. Presence either as inorganic salts (NaCl , Mg2Cl3) or
organometallic cmpds (Ni or V).
It is also desirable to remove trace amounts of arsenic, vanadium, and nickel prior to processing as they can poison certain catalysts.
When crude oil is processed, salts can form soap with carboxylic acid very corrosive!
Non-hydrocarbon compound
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Salt Contain inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, magnesium
chloride, and calcium chloride in suspension or dissolved in entrained water (brine).
These salts must be removed or neutralized before processing to prevent catalyst poisoning, equipment corrosion, and fouling.
Salt corrosion is caused by: ◦ the hydrolysis of some metal chlorides to hydrogen chloride
(HCl) and ◦ the subsequent formation of hydrochloric acid when crude is
heated.
Non-hydrocarbon compound
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Summary of crude oil composition
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(1) Density is the mass of liquid per unit volume at specific
temperature;
(2) Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given V to the weight of the same V of water measured at same T.
(3) Viscosity indicates the ease of (or more correctly the resistance to) flow.
The important physical properties of petroleum are :
Physical Properties of Petroleum Fluids
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API gravity is defined as:-
“a measure of the lightness or heaviness of petroleum that is related to density and specific gravity.”
Another way to express relative masses of crude oil.
A low API gravity heavier crude oil or a petroleum product
while a higher API gravity a lighter crude or product.
Specific gravities of crude oils roughly range from 0.82 for lighter crudes to over 1.0 for heavier.
What is API Gravity?
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The observed reading are always corrected for temperature to 60 °F, by using a prepared table of standard values:-
Sp.Gr. = specific gravity to water at 60°F The API gravity of water is 10° In the field, the API gravity is readily measured using a
calibrated hydrometer
5.13160@..
5.141
FGrSpAPI
API Gravity
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API Gravity
°API Classification Specific Gravity
10 – 20
20 – 30
> 30
Heavy oil
Medium oil
Light oil
1.0 – 0.93
0.93 – 0.87
< 0.87
A Rough Classification of Crude Oil Based on The API Gravity
Conclusion : -
°API Specific Gravity = less valuable petroleum
°API Specific Gravity = more valuable petroleum
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Products made from a barrel of crude oil (gallons)
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Petroleum refinery is an organized and coordinated
arrangement of manufacturing processes designed to produce physical and chemical changes in crude oil to convert it into everyday usable finished products like petrol, diesel, lubricating oil, fuel oil and bitumen.
What is refinery?
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Petroleum Refinery Schematic
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Separation Conversion Finishing
Catalytic isomerization
Desalting
Atmospheric distillation
Vacuum distillation
Gas
Light naphtha
Heavy naphtha
Kerosene
Gas oil
Light vacuum gas oil
Heavy vacuum gas oil
Dewaxing
Solvent deasphalthing
ADR
VDR
Crude oil
Catalytic reforming
Fluid catalytic cracking
Hydrocracking
Visbreaking
Coking
Alkylation Polymerization
Gas sweetening, blending
Light distillate sweetening,
hydrotreatment or blending
Middle distillate sweetening,
hydrotreatment or blending
Heavy distillate sweetening,
hydrotreatment or blending
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Separation Conversion Finishing
Catalytic isomerization
Desalting
Atmospheric distillation
Vacuum distillation
Gas
Light naphtha
Heavy naphtha
Kerosene
Gas oil
Light vacuum gas oil
Heavy vacuum gas oil
Dewaxing
Solvent deasphalthing
ADR
VDR
Crude oil
Catalytic reforming
Fluid catalytic cracking
Hydrocracking
Visbreaking
Coking
Alkylation Polymerization
Gas sweetening, blending
Light distillate sweetening,
hydrotreatment or blending
Middle distillate sweetening,
hydrotreatment or blending
Heavy distillate sweetening,
hydrotreatment or blending
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9 Products
CHAPTER 3