Chapter 1d

8/22/2019 Chapter 1d

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/chapter-1d 1/26

The Emergency

Preparedness of St. Jude

College Manila: An

Assessment for Program

Development



Chapter 1

The Problem and its Background

Introduction

There is a rich multidisciplinary tradition that assesses and examines risk,

hazards and emergency situations. Progress towards a comprehensive, empirical

understanding of emergency situation vulnerability inputs and processes, especially

related to hazard events and outcomes has grown in breadth and depth within the last

decades. Add to this knowledge a growing understanding of the drivers and dynamics of

global environmental change - and more specifically of climate change impacts and

nature related hazard events.

People make decisions every day, but decision-making in an emergency

situation is unique and has great implications for individuals, communities and society at

large. Various emergency situations that happened in our country clearly demonstrated

the need for sound planning, swift execution and efficient accountability; but ultimately

the negative consequences people experienced in this (as in any) emergency situations

were conditioned by their awareness, perceptions of risk and their vulnerability, and how

these factors influenced their ability to mak e and carry out decisions,

clearly reflecting that these decisions are the products of complex interactions between

individuals, their communities, their surroundings and the natural environment itself.

Our country lies along the Western Pacific Basin which makes us vulnerable in

experiencing various kinds of natural disasters and calamities such as monsoons,

thunderstorms, inter-tropical convergence zones (ITCZ), typhoons) making it a path of

an average of 20 tropical cyclones annually. Also we experience major earthquakes,

volcanic eruptions, and drought and numerous landslides. Despite of the efforts of thegovernment to increase public awareness and involvement in measures to minimize the

impact of disasters it seems that our country is still suffering and not fully prepared yet

and capable in disaster response



By its location in the tropics, the Philippines are found to be naturally vulnerable

to environmental disasters. This situation plus other human and developmental factors

compound communities' incapacity to cope with such disaster

The vulnerability of communities to hazards refers to their susceptibility to andcapacity to cope with environmental stresses. Recent and major events as well as their

cumulative impacts highlight the importance of identifying the vulnerability levels of

certain areas and segments of the Philippine population to collective hazards that form

disasters.(Center for Environmental Geomatics).

This paper reviews the capability and management of Saint Jude College to

emergency preparedness and response. It is said that, all school-based emergency

response plans should be based on the four phases of emergency management whichare mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. These four phases are needed

for strong, effective and comprehensive emergency preparedness and response plan.

Background of the Study

Due to catastrophes that have happened in different parts of the world recently,

having emergency awareness and preparedness in schools and institutions all the more

becomes crucial and relevant. And in a country such as the Philippines where typhoons,

volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, and other forms of catastrophes are very

common, highly populated areas such as schools and institutions are at a great risk.

Manila is considered as a city with high hazard and high vulnerability. The

proximity to the active fault line, increasing vulnerable constructions, rapid urbanization,

inadequate planning and population expansion, and increasing informal settlements in

the form of slums or squatter encroaching near the hazardous areas pose a great threat

to the community. The City of Manila consists of 897 Barangays with estimated

population is 1.8 million as of 2010 National Census. There were three major disastrous

events that happened in the City of Manila with significant effects to human lives and

properties. These were the earthquake on July 14, 1990, Tropical Storm “Ondoy”



(Ketsana) on September 26, 2009 that caused severe flooding, and a number fires in

heavy populated areas. In the occurrence of disasters in the City of Manila, the

community,especially the marginalized groups are the most affected.

Awareness and preparedness is always the best tool one can have in facing

emergency situations. To be able to fully prepare both students and teachers, education

and training are essential. The responsibility of preparing the school and institution lies

on every member of the specific population and determined by the level of awareness

and preparedness of such community. Each must make sure that in the event of a

catastrophe, the loss of life is at the very least minimal.

With advances in technology and communication, tracking emergency situations

have been easier than before. And supplemented with research studies regarding

awareness and emergency preparedness, the knowledge of what could possibly

happen around us makes it imperative for us that we strive for ourselves to be aware,

prepared, face and conquer emergency events.

Statement of the problem:

This study will determine the differences between Saint Jude College Manila‟s

students and personnel with regards to their preparedness during emergency situations.

This study seeks to answer the following questions.

1.What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of their:

1.1.Educational attainment,

1.2.Occupation,

1.3.Age,

1.4.Stay in SJC?

2.What are the emergency preparation of SJC during the following situation:



2.1.Earthquake,

2.2.Fire,

2.3.Flood,

2.4.Terrorism?

3.How SJC students and SJC personnel will respond to the following situation:

3.1. Earthquake,

3.2. Fire,

3.3. Flood,

3.4. Terrorism?

4. Is there any significant difference on the preparation during emergency between the

student and personnel of SJC?

Hypothesis

The researchers have postulated the hypothesis:

There is no significant difference on the preparation during emergency situation

between the student and personnel of SJC.

Significance of the study:

This study aims to determine the differences on the preparation between the

students and SJC personnel during emergency situation. The result of this study will be

significant to the following groups:



Students. To be aware of the risks, hazards, and vulnerabilities when it comes to

possible emergency events and as well be active in learning to adapt and function well

during situations that warrants emergency preparedness.

Personnel of Saint Jude College.

Administration. To identify and evaluate the current SJC emergency preparedness

and disaster plan in order to further strengthen early warning and preparedness system

and reduce impact of natural disaster.

Future researcher. To be used as a further research material.

Theoretical Framework

Risk Perception and Vulnerability

The theory of Risk Perception and Vulnerability by Smit and Wandel is one which

incorporates the community in identifying risk and vulnerability in current and future

situations. Stakeholder and community engagement is highlighted in the theory as a

point of emphasis and as a means of improving „„adaptive capacity.‟‟ Adaptive capacityrefers to the collective adaptability, coping capacity and resilience of a population. Smit

refers to this framework as a „„bottom-up‟‟ approach, involving key community

stakeholders in a process to implement changes that are relevant to the community.

In addition, the framework calls for identifying current exposures, sensitivities

and future adaptive capacity to understand issues a particular community might be

confronted with and then employing various methods to operationalize

the constructs in the theory. Such data collection has the advantage of qualitatively

illustrating the complex interaction between communities and risk perception and

decision-making.

In addition, implementation of any strategy for enhancing adaptive capacity

should involve key stakeholders, decision makers and community members, as the

adoption of increased adaptive capacity is determined by the cultural appropriateness



and relevancy to the community members of these changes.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Assessment of

the

Preparedness

during

emergency

situations

between the

student and

personnel of

SJC.

Assessment of emergency

situation exposure

between SJC students and

personnel

Current adaptive strategies

of SJC students and

personnel

Risk for future exposure of

SJC students and personnel

Future adaptive capacity of

SJC students and personnel

Differences

on the

preparedness

of SJC

community

(students and

personnel) in

emergency

situations

conceptual paradigm of the study

Scope and Delimitation:

This research only focuses on the preparedness of St. Jude College Manila

during emergency situation.

The research will only cover the collection of SJC students and personnel

census, survey of the students and personnel preparedness during emergency

situations and determination of the difference on the level of preparedness during

emergency situations between the two identified groups of the study participants, the

SJC students and SJC personnel. Aside from determining the differences on their

preparedness, the researchers will also involve its implications to health and its impact



on the general competency of Saint Jude College with regards to preparedness in

emergency crisis.

The researchers will conduct the experiment in Saint Jude College Manila, corner

Don Quijote St., Sampaloc, Manila. The study will cover students from different coursesand personnel from different departments, varying age and both male and female will be

included as participants of the study.

This study will be chiefly concerned on determining on the differences on the

preparation between the students and SJC personnel during emergency situation. It will

be limited only to the students and personnel of St. Jude College Manila, during 1st

semester of school year 2013-2014.

Definition of Terms

Emergency. A situation that needed on immediate response.

Preparedness. A state of readiness.

Assessment. The process of making a judgment or forming an opinon.

Emergency Situation. The urgent need for assistance of relief.

Natural Disaster. Can cause loss of life property damage and typical leaves some

economic damage.



Chapter 2

Review of Related Literatures and Studies

This chapter presents the local and international literatures that will be used by

the researchers in the conduct of the study.

Emergency situations happen not only because of occurrences in nature but can

also be human-induced. Different occurrences such as earthquakes are reported every

year. It hits both affluent and poverty-stricken countries. Most schools and institutions

are of box-type architecture and built before the development of earthquake-proof

technology thus posing higher risks of destruction during an earthquake. The rapid

change in climate as well results in stronger and more frequent storms, which often

cause floods, landslides, and mudslides killing thousands of people all over the world.

And although unusual in the Philippines scene, terrorist attacks which are known to be

human-induced disasters targeting heavily populated areas like malls, parks, schools,

and other public places making it as destructive as a natural one.

Foreign

The growing concerns about climate change come against the backdrop of aworrying rise in the vulnerability to natural disasters. While the past few decades saw a

reduction in the number of people killed by natural disasters, there is a dramatic

increase in the number of people affected and socio-economic losses (International

Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, 2003).

In line with global trends, the vulnerability of the Philippines to disasters is

increasing due to a combination of urbanization, demographic climactic and

environmental factors. It is estimated that 60% of the landmass is exposed to naturaldisasters and 74% of Filipinos live in vulnerable areas. Approximately a quarter of the

populations live below the poverty line, and individuals are disproportionately impacted

by natural disasters. (research done by GSMA, 2012)



Of the 37 schools from the national capital region,30% of the respondent schools

had disasters preparedness plans. The majority 95% of the public schools conductive

drills once a yr. Fire and earthquake drills were the most common type of drill

conducted in these schools. The majority (95%) of the public school key personnel were

aware of the national local disaster management programs. All respondents were aware

of disaster-related depED policies. (acta medica vol 41)

People required sufficient knowledge motivation and resources to engage in

preparedness activities. Social networks have been identified as one such resource

which contributes to resilience. (J Community Health 2012).

Gebbie (2002) considered that it is imperative to identify what every nurse needs

to know to serve effectively as a member of an emergency and disaster response team.

Gebbie (2002) determined that it is necessary to be clear about what nurses

need to know in order to function effectively. Thus, in any setting, one of the first

questions a nurse may ask is “what‟s my role in an emergency?‟‟

Since Florence Nightingale demonstrated to the world the important role that

nurses play on the front lines of responding to disaster, the field of public health and

disaster nursing has continued to expand its scope and define its significance. No single

entity, discipline, agency, organization or jurisdiction can or should claim sole

responsibility for the complex array of challenges associated with disasters and

emergencies, both natural and manmade. However, public health nursing expertise can

and should be used during all phases of the disaster cycle: mitigation, preparation,

response, and recovery (FEMA,2006a)

Defense Secretary Voltaire Gazmin, chairman of the National Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council, urged all sectors of government and the citizenry

to share in the responsibility in the risk reduction and management. In a statement read

by Loreto Rirao, director of the Office of Civil Defense -11 during the launching program

of the National Disaster Consciousness Month at the People‟s Park here, he urged all

stakeholders to take the whole-of-nation approach in mitigating the impact of calamities

to communities. This year‟s celebration is anchored on the theme, “ Ligtas na Bayan,

Maunlad na Pamayanan.” (safe country, prosperous communities.)

Gazmin said every government agency is required to provide the best services

for the safety and welfare of the resident through the spirit of helping one another



through bayanihan. “Let our experiences in previous disasters guide ask in perfecting

the craft of disaster risk reduction,” he said. Gazmin said government functionaries must

not only tag along in their involvement in risk reduction and management but must

share and contribute proactively to the effort to save lives.

He said although the Philippines has better performance in risk reduction and

management of disaster compared to other Asian countries, the country has to exert

more effort in delivering dynamic and transparent efforts in its activities on the

communities. “Let‟s continue to perfect the craft or disaster risk reduction and

management,” Gazmin said.

The enactment of Republic Act 10121 otherwise known as the Philippine disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2012 has laid the basis for a paradigm shift

from just emergency preparedness and response to emergency and disaster risk

reduction and management. The national emergency and disaster risk reduction

management plan serves as the national guide on how sustainable development can be

achieved through inclusive growth while building the adaptive capacities of

communiyies, increasing the resilience of vulnerable populations, and optimizing

emergency and disaster mitigation opportunities with the end view of promoting

people‟s welfare and security towards responsive and rights-based sustainable

development.

The priority area on emergency and disaster prevention and mitigation provides

key strategic actions that give importance to activities revolving around hazards

evaluation and mitigation, vulnerability analyses, identification of hazard-prone areas

and mainstreaming national emergency and disaster risk reduction management into

development plans. It is based on sound and scientific analysis of the differentunderlying factors which contribute to the vulnerability of the people and eventually,

their risk and exposure to emergency and disasters.

Emergency preparedness provides for the key strategic actions that give

importance to activities revolving around community awareness and understanding;



contingency planning; conduct of local drills and development of national emergency

and disaster response plan. Risk-related information coming from the prevention and

mitigation aspect is necessary in order for the preparedness activities to be responsive

to the needs of the people and situation on the ground. Also, the policies, budget, and

institutional mechanisms established under the prevention and mitigation priority area

will be further enhanced through capacity building activities, and coordination

mechanisms. Behavioral change created by the preparedness aspect is eventually

measured by how well people responded to emergency and disasters. At the frontlines

of preparedness are the local government units, local chief executives, and

communities.

Emergency and disaster response gives importance to activities during the actual

emergency response operations from needs assessment to search and rescue to relief

operations to early recovery activities are emphasized. The success and realization of

this priority area rely heavily on the completion of the activities under the both

prevention and mitigation and preparedness aspects, including among others the

coordination and communications mechanisms to be developed. On the ground

partnerships and the vertical and horizontal coordination work between and among key

stakeholders will contribute to successful emergency and disaster response operations

and its smooth transition towards early and long term recovery work.

There are compelling reasons why the Philippines should adopt emergency and

disaster risk reduction management and climate change adaptation. It is exposed to

disasters and hazards due to its geography and geology as well as the presence of

internal disputes in some areas.

Tropical cyclones and its sequential effects of rain and windstorms, as well as

floods are the most prevalent types of hydro-meteorological hazards in the country.

Between 1997 and 2007, eighty four (84) tropical cyclones entered the Philippine Area

of Responsibility (PAR). These typhoons resulted to a total of 13,155 in human casualty

and more than 51 million families have been affected. Economic losses due to typhoon



damages in agriculture, infrastructures and private properties are estimated to reach

P158.242-B. Some of the most devastating floods and landslides are triggered by these

typhoons that happened also within this period. The El Nino Southern Oscillation which

is a periodic disaster recorded high economic costs in just a single occurrence. In 2010,

out of the almost PhP 25-M worth of damages to properties caused by natural disasters,

tropical cyclones contributed to more than half. These affected more than 3 million

people in that year alone.

Environmental factors such as denuded forests aggravate flood risks. The pace

of deforestation since the 1930s accelerated in the 1950s and 1960s, before falling

slightly in the 1980s. Even now, the effects of loose soil and reduced forest cover from

past forestry activities are felt in frequent landslides and floods. Recent events show

that the annual monsoon season in the country has brought severe flooding in most

areas. In 2011, most of the disasters that claimed the lives of people and affected

properties and livelihoods of the most vulnerable were brought about by increased

rainfall which caused massive flash flooding in areas which don‟t normally experience

such. Between January to September 2011, more than 50 incidents of flash flooding

and flooding and more than 30 landslides occurred, mostly caused by increased rainfall

and illegal logging.

Typhoon Sendong alone caused the lives of more than 1,000 people and

damaged properties amounting to billions of pesos. In addition, the Philippines is

situated along a highly seismic area lying along the Pacific Ring of Fire and is highly-

prone to earthquakes. According to the Philippine Institute on Volcanology and

Seismology (PHIVLOCS), the counrty experiences an average of five (5) earthquakes a

day. Earthquake disasters are not as frequent as the typhoons and flooding that take

place in the Philippines. Nevertheless, the impact generated on affected communities is

usually massive and devastating. Earthquake-induced disasters were few in numbers

and in terms of casualties. Within the 10-year period five (5) destructive earthquakes

were recorded and human casualty included 15 deaths and 119 persons injured.

Damage to the economy was estimated to reach P0.207-B. The 1990 Luzon

Earthquake, the Moro Gulf Tsunami and the collapse of the Ruby Tower were the most



notably devastating earthquake disasters in the Philippines.The Philippines is also

prone to volcanic eruptions being situated along the the Pacific Ring of Fire where two

major tectonic plates (Philippine Sea and Eurasian) meet. This explains the occurrence

of earthquakes and tsunamis and the existence of around 300 volcanoes of which 22

are active. Based on the data from the National Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management Council (NDRRMC), between 1990 and 2006, annual direct damages

caused by disasters amount to PhP20-B per year. This is roughly 0.5% of the Gross

Domestic Product (GDP) on the average per year. In 2009 alone, tropical storm Ondoy

and typhoon Pepeng caused substantial damages and losses equivalent to about 2.7%

of the country‟s GDP.

Hazards become disasters only if vulnerable people and resources are exposed

to them. People who live in poverty and adverse socio-economic considitions are highly

vulnerable to disasters, especially those who live in river pathways and along the most

hazard-prone areas. This explains why some parts of the country are more prone to

specific hazards than others; some parts are exposed to more hazards than others.In

an analysis of natural disaster hotspots by the Hazard Management Unit of the World

Bank in 2005, the Philippines is among the countries where large percentages of

population reside in disaster prone areas. In the 2011 World Risk Report published by

United Nations University and the Institute of Environment and Human Security, looking

into the four components of risk (exposure, susceptibility, coping and adapt capacities),

the Philippines is the third most disaster risk country worldwide. Aside from natural

causes, the country also experiences human-induced disasters. These are brought

about by hazards that are of political and socio-economic origins, among others. Many

are forced to evacuate during times of conflict. Violence continue to plague the country,

with most of the fighting in the South. Intense fighting between government forces and

the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) during the first half of year 2009 resulted in thedisplacement of hundreds of thousands of civilians. The government and the MILF

decided to lay down their arms and work toward peace accord that had failed in 2009 in

Malaysia. On the other hand, the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), labeled a terrorist

organization, continued to carry out bombings and rebels were killed during clashes with

the military in the latter part of 2009. These human-induced disasters caused by armed



fightings in the South continue to threaten the security of civilian communities which

result into the displacement of thousands of civilians. So long as there is no peace

settlement mechanism in Mindanao, internally displaced civilians will remain a given

collateral damage of every armed conflicts. Such disasters consequently cause public

anxiety, lost of lives, destruction of properties and sometimes socio-political stability.

Because of the country‟s susceptibility to natural and human-induced disasters,

efforts have been made for the past several years to build people‟s capacities and

resilience to disasters. This is in line with the country‟s commitment to achieve the

targets set by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and its commitment to build

resilient communities as expressed by its adoption of the Hyogo Framework for Action(HFA) in 2005. The HFA was formulated and adopted by 168 governments at the World

Conference on Disaster Reduction held in Kobe, Japan and is aimed at building the

resilience of nations and communities to disasters and reducing vulnerabilities and risks

to hazards. It aims to have (a) effective integration of disaster risk considerations into

sustainable development policies, planning and programming at all levels – disaster

prevention, mitigation, preparedness and vulnerability reduction; (b) development and

strengthening of institutions, mechanisms and capacities at all levels; and (c) systematic

incorporation of risk reduction approaches into the design and implementation of

emergency preparedness, response and recovery programmes in the recontsruction of

affected communities.

Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine DRRM Act was passed into law and 12 |

Page paved the way for the need to “adopt an emergency and disaster risk reduction

and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in

lessening the socio-economic and environmental impacts of disasters including climatechange, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all

stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community.”The Act provides

for the development of policies and plans and the implementation of actions and

measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including

good governance, risk assessment and early warning, knowledge building and



awareness raising, reducing underlying risk factors, and preparedness for effective

response and early recovery.

At the heart of DRR is addressing the underlying causes of people‟s

vulnerabilities. For the past several years, DRR in the country has focused more on

efforts around disaster preparedness and response and not so much in identifying the

hazard-prone areas and other factors which contribute to people‟s exposure to

disasters; incorporating risk analysis to development plans; and building people‟s

capacities towards sustainable livelihood options. Although DRR has been gaining

attention among peoples and institutions, complete paradigm shift from “disasters as an

immediate product of hazards” to “disasters as a function of people‟s vulnerability” has

not yet fully happened. To be able to reduce the risks of people to disasters, more

attention must be given towards proper, continuous and sustained conduct of disaster

risk assesments (hazards, vulnerability, exposure) and using them to mainstream into

development plans DRRM and CCA activities and priority areas which will address the

underlying causes of vulnerabilities of the people. To address these causes, the

availablity of different livelihood options for people should also be seen as a way of

reducing their vulnerability especially in times of disasters.

Aggravating the many natural disasters are human-induced disasters like

terrorist activities, civil disturbances, hijacking and hostage taking incidents. These

disasters and crises cause public anxiety, loss of lives, destruction of properties and

even socio-political stability.The country continues to be confronted with internal

security threats coming from a protracted communist insurgency and a secessionist

rebellion in parts of Mindanao as well as the proliferation of private armed groups

(PAGs). This is further aggravated by the existence of the terrorist Abu Sayyaf Group

(ASG) with its links to international terror group.



On June 16, 2011, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Framework (NDRRMF) was approved by the executive committee of the National

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC). The framework is in

conformity with and captures the essesence and priorities of Republic Act 10121.

The Framework envisions a country which have “safer, adaptive and disaster-

resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable development.” The goal is to have a

paradigm shift from reactive to proactive DRRM wherein men and women have

increased their awareness, understanding on DRRM with the end in view of increasing

people‟s resilience and decreasing their vulnerabilities. Our aim is to empower leaders

and communities and to develop the “right” mindset and positive behavioral changes

towards reducing and managing risks and lessening the effects of disasters. This term

is about building back better or building on from our learnings, good practices, research

and experiences, helping us address the underlying causes of our vulnerability and

increasing our ability to adjust to the situation before us. By being adaptive, we learn to

innovate and go to the next level.

Emergency and disaster-resilient communities are achieved when the risk

reduction efforts have been successful and have made the people stronger (in a

positive way and not just in terms of their coping mechanism), increasing their ability to

bounce back after a disaster. It is important to instill the culture of safety by increasing

people‟s capacity to bounce back and decrease disaster losses and impact. In the end,

DRRM is all about addressing the underlying causes of people‟s vulnerability; building

their individual, collective and institutional capacities and building back better wherein

people‟s lives become sustainably better.

The country is challenged by increasing emergency, disaster and climate

risks caused by dynamic combinations of natural and human-induced hazards,

exposure, and people‟s vulnerabilities and capacities. There is an urgent need for the

country to work together through multi-stakeholder partnerships and robust institutional

mechanisms and processes so that Filipinos will be able to live in safer, adaptive and



disaster resilient communities on the path to developing sustainably. This DRRM

framework emphasizes that through time, resources invested in disaster prevention,

mitigation, preparedness and climate change adaptation will be more effective towards

attaining the goal of adaptive, disaster resilient communities and sustainable

development. The Framework shows that mitigating the potential impacts of existing

disaster and climate risks, preventing hazards and small emergencies from becoming

disasters, and being prepared for disasters, will substantially reduce loss of life and

damage to social, economic and environmental assets. It also highlights the need for

effective and coordinated humanitarian assistance and disaster response to save lives

and protect the more vulnerable groups during and immediately after a disaster.

Further, building back better and building better lives after a disaster will lead to

sustainable development after the recovery and reconstruction process.

Given all these, it is imperative for the country to have a national plan that will

serve a road map on how disaster risk reduction and management will contribute to the

attainment of sustainable development through inclusive growth and build the adaptive

capacities of communities, increase the resilience of vulnerable sectors and optimize

disaster mitigation opportunities with the end in view of promoting people‟s welfare and

security towards gender-responsive and rights-based sustainable development.

Overall, the NDRRMP outlines the activities aimed at strengthening the capacity

of the national government and the LGUs together with partner stakeholders, to build

the disaster resilience of communities and to institutionalize arrangements and

measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected climate risks and enhancing

disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels.

It highlights, among others, the importance of mainstream DRRM and CCA in the

development processes such as policy formulation, socioeconoimc developmentplanning, budgeting and governance particularly in the area of environment, agriculture,

water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning and

public infrastructure and housing among others.



Mainstreaming also puts to forth the need to develop common tools to analyze

the various hazards and vulnerability factors which put our communities and people into

harms way. The NDRRMP also highlights the need for institutionalizing DRRM policies,

structures, coordination mechanisms and programs with continuing budget

appropriation on DRR from national down to local levels. Through permanent

mechanisms, competency and science-based capacity building activities can be done,

alongside the nurturing of continuous learning through knowledge development and

management of good DRRM practices on the ground.

Unique to the country is the inclusion of human-induced disasters in the area of

DRRM, based on RA 10121. This means that mainstreaming DRRM into the peace

process and conflict resolution approaches is also included in the national DRRM plan.

Through this, losses in lives and damages to properties will be minimized and

communities in hazards and conflict zones can immediately go back to their normal

lives after.

Last but not least, the NDRRMP adheres to the principles of good governance

within the context of poverty alleviation and environmental protection. It is about

partnerships, working together and all of government/community approach – engaging

the participation of CSOs, the private sector and volunteers in the government‟s DRRM

programs towards compelementation of resources and effective delivery of services to

the citizenry.

Disaster Preparedness -- the knowledge and capacities developed by

governments, professional response and recovery organizations, communities and

individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from teh impacts of likely,

imminent or currrent hazard events or conditions. Preparedness action is carried out

within the context of DRRM and aims to build the capacities needed to efficiently

manage all types of emergencies and achieve orderly transitions from response to

sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of DRR and good

linkaes with early warning systems and includes such activities as contingency



planning, stockpiling of equipment and supplies, the development of arrangements for

coordination, evacuation and public information and associated training and field

exercises. These must be supported by formal, institutional, legal and budgetary

capacities.

This priority area provides for the key strategic actions that give importance

toactivities revolving around community awareness and understanding; contingency

planning; conduct of local drills and the development of a national disaster response

plan. Likewise, in preparing our communities and governments for possible disasters,

predetermined needs based on information available are crucial.

Risk-related information coming from the prevention and mitigation aspect is

necessary in order for the preparedness activities to be responsive to the needs of thepeople and situation on the ground. Also, the policies (and budget) and institutional

mechanisms established under the prevention and mitigation priority area will be further

enhanced through capacity building activities, development of coordination mechanisms

and the like. Through these, coordination, complementation and interoperability of work

in DRRM operations and essential services will be ensured.

It should be noted that the activities under this priority area are not linear but they

are cyclical and anticipate improvements over time. Behavioral change created by the

preparedness aspect is eventually measured by how well people responded to the

disasters. At the frontlines of preparedness are the local government units, local chief

executives and communities. Overall, the bottomline is, having more prepared citizenry

and governments.

Increased level of awareness and enhanced capacity of the community to the

threats and impacts of all hazards. In most cases, people and communities are

vulnerable to disasters because of lack of information about the hazards; how to

prepare for them; and how to reduce the risks of the hazards affecting their lives and

livelihoods. When their level of awareness and understanding are increased, people are

more prepared.



Communities are equipped with the necessary skills and capability to cope with

the impact of disasters. Being aware is not enough. People, communities and

governments need to be equipped with skills and capability to help them prepare for

disasters. This includes, among others, development of contingency plans, pre-emptive

evacuation, incident command systems, stockpiling and equipment pre-positioning.

Doing disaster preparedness entails a process that analyzes a potential event that

threatens a community and the environment and defines the root cause/s of the

potential event. It not only establishes arrangements in advance to enable timely,

effective and appropriate responses to such events and situations but it, too, identifies

and plans for DRR strategies to address an imminent threat to life and property.

Chapter 3

Methodology

This chapter describes the methods to be used to seek the answers to the

specific problems presented in the first chapter. This includes the research method

employed, population, samples and the samples and the sampling technique used, and

as well as the research instrument, data gathering procedures and the statistics to be

applied in treating the data. The discussions in this chapter are based on theassumption that the validity of findings is dependent upon the accuracy and

appropriateness of the methods of research employed.

Research Design



The research design that will be used is non-experimental quantitative research

utilizing the descriptive design. This will provides an accurate account of characteristics

of particular individuals, situations, or groups. Through descriptive studies, researchers

discover new meaning, describe what exists, determine the frequency with which

something occurs, and categorize information. The outcomes of descriptive research

include the description of concepts, identification of relationship, and development of

hypotheses that provide a basis for future quantitative research.

Instrumentation

Questionnaire method???

The researchers will utilize a questionnaire method, a very concise, preplanned

set of questions designed to yield specific information to meet a particular need for

research information about the topic.The information is attained from respondents

normally from a related interest area. Each respondent receives the same set of

questions phrased in exactly the same way.

The drafting of questions for the structured instrument will be carefully monitored

by the researchers so that each question will exhibit clarity, sensitivity to study

participant‟s psychological state, absence of bias, and in reading level. Questions will be

sequenced in a meaningful order that encourages cooperation and sincerity.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted at Saint Jude College Manila, Dimasalang corner

Don Quijote St., Sampaloc, Manila.

Saint Jude College was established in honor of St. Jude Thaddeus, the Apostle

and Patron Saint of the Hopeful and the embodiment of the true Christian spirit.

Through its allied services, it started as the St. Jude Maternity Clinic in 1950. Faced with



the growing health needs of the community and the breakthroughs and advances in

allied medical sciences, the founders, Dr. Ramon D. Atienza Jr. and his wife, Dra.

Felicidad Calip-Atienza. Through the years, with the sheer dedication and passion of the

founders, an additional eight-storey building, was erected to compromise the Main

Building in 1997.

By then, baccalaureate courses such as BS in Secretarial Administration, BS in

Commerce, BS in Business Administration, BS in Nutrition and Dietetics, BS in Nursing

and Bachelor of Arts Major in English, Filipino, History, And Psychology were already

being offered. Further, it had also offered its first masteral course, Masteral in Hospital

Administration and two-year associate course in Junior Secretarial, Dietitian Aide and

Health Aide.

With a vision for a progressive, proactive and dynamic education and the mission

of upholding academic and clinical excellence, courses such as BS in Physical Therapy

and BS in Computer Science were offered in 1995. A year later, the eight storey

Atienza-Calip Building was constructed.

The medical center is a non secretarian institution. It was also established in

honor of Saint Jude depicting the true Christian spirit with the end in view of augmenting

the nursing and health need of Filipinos in consonance with the programs of the

Department of Health. It started as Saint Jude Clinic and Maternity with a 12 bed

capacity meant to cater to medical and maternity cases. Faced with the growing

community health needs and the rapid advances in medical science, the founders, Dr.

Ramon D. Atienza Jr. and his wife Dra. Felicidad Calip-Atienza, built a two-storey

concrete hospital edifice with 50 bed capacities. With the passing years, the hospital

expanded from the two-storey to a five-storey hospital building.

The hospital became a general training ground and a teaching institute in 1968.

As such, complete facilities are provided for the comfort and convenience of both the

patients and the hospital staff. The building was inaugurated on the Feast of St. Jude on

October 28, 1968. Today, it is now a tertiary hospital which could be located at

Dimasalang corner Don Quiojte street, Sampaloc, Manila.



SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

Sampling technique that will be utilized is the stratified random sampling

technique, as the researcher aims to enhance the sample‟s representativeness. The

researchers will initially collect the census data of SJC students and SJC personnel,

then, By using information about population characteristics, researcher aims to ensure

that diverse segments are adequately represented through each strata. The population

of the study participants will be subdivided into homogenous subsets from which an

appropriate number of elements will be selected at random.

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers will submit a letter of request to the Human Resources

Department and to the Dean of the College of Nursing, requesting permission to

conduct the research study about the emergency preparedness in St. Jude College

Manila.

Upon the approval of the study, the researchers will ask the permission to the Dean

of other professional courses through personal appearance and communication letter

which encompasses the researchers‟ study and prospective study participants for the

research study. The researchers will institute a courtesy call to each department Dean

before conducting the research proper. The letter of approval from the Dean from each

department about the research to be conducted together with a communication letter

about the research study will be presented to the prospective study participants. After

proper channeling of the research study through Saint Jude College officials, the

researchers will then start to conduct the study about the preparedness between the

SJC students and SJC personnel during emergency situations. Primary approach of theresearchers will be the initial grouping together of the elements belonging to a stratum

and random selection of the desired number of elements based on the computed five

percent (5%) margin of error with regards to the research population. The requisition of

cooperation of the prospective study participants through the use of an informed



consent will also be established to be able to obtain appropriate SJC students and

personnel‟s approval that will be needed for the study

The SJC student and personnel emergency preparedness survey will be done for

one week. It will be conducted by utilizing the emergency prepredness survey toolwhich the study participants, both the SJC students and personnel will be answering

through written and face to face encounter with the researcher.

Statistical Treatment

The data that will be gathered from each study participant will be carefully

recorded and tabulated. The statistical formula will be used to ensure comprehensive

interpretation of data:

The formula for standard deviation is given by:

Where,

x = Values given

x ¯ = Mean

n = Total number of values.

T -test will be used as it provides measure to determine if two sets of data are

significantly different from each other, and is most commonly applied when the test

statistic in each group is considered to be a sample from a distinct population and the

responses in each group are independent of those in the other group



The independent samples t -test will be very useful when two separate sets

of independent samples are obtained and one from each of the two populations being

compared, as this statistical treatment compares the mean of two samples. T test uses

means and standard deviations of two samples to make a comparison. The formula for

T test is given below:

Where,

x1 ¯ = Mean of first set of values

x2 ¯ = Mean of second set of values

S1 = Standard deviation of first set of values

S2 = Standard deviation of second set of values

n1 = Total number of values in first set

n2 = Total number of values in second set.

Chapter 1d

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 1d