Chapter 19: Methods of Mass Production and ConsumptionScientific and Technological Creativity

Wave of technology continues in 20th cent.Hydroelectric energy and incandescent bulb

Edison and planned invention

Internal combustion engine (Daimler/Benz)

Telephone, telegraph, radio

Impacts of chemistry

Antiseptic surgery, X-rays, public health• U. S. life expectancy at birth reaches 50 in 1910

Scientific and Technological Creativity

Laboratories pursue inventions systematically

Advancements in physics have long range impact

Einstein on relativity and nature of light

Only the speed of light remains constant according to these new understandings

Gender Relations

Labor-saving household raises expectations of how women should manage the home but bicycle provides mobility and freedomAdolescent exploration of sexuality occurs in wake of films on birth controlSexuality becomes a field of study with focus on gender differences

Urbanization and Migration

Mechanization of agriculture depleted rural employment & promoted migration to cities

Once simply the home of industry, urban life flowers into place of entertainment, department store fashions, and spectacle

The Other Side of Progress

Militarized Competition among the Great Powers

German/British economic competition spills over into weaponrySecurity tied to continued operation of the balance of power in diplomacyFreud highlights primal forces & aggression that threaten rational pursuit of security

Outside Europe

IndiaChemistry produces artificial indigo dye

• Had been produced on farms in India for export

1911 royal convocation (darbar) held in Delhi to avoid Indian reactions against British

Britain maintains control of India by pitting Muslims against Hindus

Early stages of freedom movement underway

Outside Europe

ChinaFaith in Confucian principles retarded Chinese adoption of new approaches to production

1911 revolution ushers in Republic

Leader of movement is Sun Yat-sen• Educated outside China• Advocated “Three People’s Principles”• Nationalism, democracy and Chinese technology

Rejected Marxism

Outside Europe

Latin AmericaEarly industrialization combined British money and creole leadership in country

Governments in caudillo hands--not democratic

New immigrants from Europe advocate reform

Army, imbued with nationalism, seeks reform

No land reform on agenda--movement does not reach daily lives of the poor

Outside Europe

Latin America [cont.]The Mexican Revolution, 1910-1930

• Few prospering in early 20th century• Rebellions end long reign of Porfiro Diaz after

planned reelection attempt in 1910• Zapata offers Plan of Ayala to help peasantry• Instability despite Constitution of 1917• Obregon prevails over Carranza in 1920• Mexico an inspirational model for Latin America

Outside Europe

The Ottoman EmpireRetained economic autonomy but had large debts owed to EuropeansEurope asserted right to intervene on behalf of Christian communitiesYoung Turks (1908) take over government but can’t solve problemsWorld War I ends Ottoman empire, Turkey the remnant

World War I, 1914-1918

Outbreak of war shows lack of system to prevent war

Conflict quickly becomes war of attritionTrench warfare

Multiple fronts

US entry in 1917 tips balance to AlliesSinking of Lusitania; Zimmerman Note

70 million involved; 10 million killed

World War I, 1914-1918

Post-war Expectations and Results“Make the world safe for democracy”

• Countries for Austro-Hungarian minorities• Freedom for components of Ottoman Empire• Jews to Palestine (Balfour Declaration)• India edges onto the path to independence• Right to vote for women

World War I, 1914-1918

The Paris Peace Settlements, 1919Advocates for new states aboundPolitical borders of Europe redrawnOld empires vanish from map

• Russian, Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian

Germany restructured• Borders reduced• War guilt clause• Reparations

World War I, 1914-1918

The League of NationsHigh hopes at creation fade as flaws emerge

• US does not participate• National self-determination problems• Antagonism toward colonial rulers

Japanese gains prompt May 4th movement

India does not gain steps toward freedom

African colonies remain in European hands

Mandate system suggests limits on colonialism

The Russian Revolution

The Build-up to Revolution, 1914-17Russian westernization prior to 20th century

Industrialization minimal• Needed foreign investment

Agriculture unproductive • Peasants lack incentive and agricultural technology• Subdivision of land leaves farms without much land• Land sales to outsiders banned

The Russian Revolution

Lenin and the Bolshevik RevolutionLenin sought immediate communist revolutionTsarist commitment to war ruins Russia1st 1917 Revolution creates legislature and continuation of war2nd 1917 Revolution brings Bolsheviks to power on promise of “Peace, Land and Bread”Terror and New Economic Plan in wake of 1917 Bolshevik takeover

The Russian Revolution

State Planning in Soviet RussiaLenin industrializes with western adviceHis death in 1924 ushered in power struggleStalin defeats Trotsky but implements his “law of combined development with Five Year PlansCollectivization of agriculture in 1929

• Many farmers refuse to share crops• Liquidation of kulaks (wealthier peasants)

Industrial success seen as role model by some

The Russian Revolution

Women in the Soviet UnionGovernment ordered equal pay for equal work but did not enforce the requirement

Women bore “double burden” of wage labor plus household responsibility

Abortion commonplace

Post-War America

US technological/financial leader after warConsumer goods include washers & radios

Changes in roles of womenBirth control and new images

Uninvolved in world except Latin America

Labor unrest grows between wars

“Red Scare” and active Ku Klux Klan

Post-War America

The DepressionEconomic downturn accelerated by German war debt

Unemployment high in world except Russia

U. S. “New Deal” reforms nation• Social welfare measures include social security• New regulations of business; Pro-labor policies

Germany moves toward Nazism

What Difference Do they Make?

Early 20th Century taught skepticismTechnology brought more than a better life

Nationalism brought unity and war

Revolutions promised more than they delivered

War ended amidst realization it would resume

Totalitarianism emerged in midst of “civilized” world