Chapter 19: Islamic Gunpowder Empires
Transcript of Chapter 19: Islamic Gunpowder Empires
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CHAPTER 19: ISLAMIC GUNPOWDER EMPIRES
All were Islamic, All were militaristic, all left behind artistic and architectural legacies… but never
modernized
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Rise of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires
• Warrior leaders of all three were:
• From Nomadic Turkic Backgrounds
• Spoke forms of Turkic
• Took advantage of power vacuums left by the breakup of the Mongol Khanates
• Relied on armies with artillery and cannons
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The Rule of Tamerlane
• Moved out of Samarkand to
conquer most of Persia and part
of India
• Eurasian steppes were the
birthplace of the ghazi idea
(Blending of Nomadic values
and Islamic holy fighter)
• His conquest was very violent
and massacred some 100,000
Hindus before the gates of Delhi
• Finally he championed literature
and built structures still standing
today in Samarkand
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Fall and Legacy of Tamerlane
• Built a government depended on the military and use of heavy artillery
• Never left effective political structure in many of the areas he conquered
• Two manor forces would clash continually that gave rise to these three empires, the Mongols vs the Islamic Forces
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The Ottoman Empire: Mehmed II
• Called the Conqueror Ruled 1451-1481, conquered Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul
• Topkapi Palace began construction during his reign
• Because of his navy, he conquered the areas around Venice and forced them to pay him a
yearly tax
• Istanbul became a major center of Islam later on
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More on Mehmed II’s Empire
• To staff the military and government, used a selection system called devshirme, Christian boys ages 8-20 were taken by force who were subjects were forces to serve
• The most famous group called Janissaries formed elite forces in the Ottoman Army
• Becoming a Janissary provided a path of upward mobility, but still called slaves of the state
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On to Suleiman I
• Ottoman Empire reached
it’s peak during his rule from 1520-1566
• Ordered many mosques,
forts and other great buildings constructed in cities under his control, such as the Suleimani Mosque in Istanbul
• Also known as the Lawgiver because he reformed the empire’s
legal system
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Ottoman Economy• Traders served as the middlemen
of the Silk Trade Road, and controlled slave and gold trade in North Africa
• Made trade agreements with France, which later on hurt them… how?
• Many business deals were signed in the empire’s coffeehouses
• New crops from the Americas came to be grown in the empire like cotton and tobacco, the use later was officially prohibited, but still used throughout
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Social Classes
• Built around a warrior aristocracy, which competed with the ulama (scholars and experts in Islamic Law) for positions in the government
• The Military and Janissaries tried to mount a couple against the sultans
• Sultans were at the top with viziers or strong advisors having more influence
• Merchants and artisans formed a small middle class with peasants below, and finally slaves
• Some people were impressed, or forced into service in the navy or other places… possibly more than a million between the 1500’s and 1800’s
• Finally, the empire was tolerant towards Jews and Christians, but could only live in parts of certain cities
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Decline of the Ottoman Empire
• After the Reign of Suleiman, they fell victim to weak sultans and strong European neighbors
• Became known the “Sick Man of Europe.” Why?
• Began to grow more insular and less tolerant of non-Muslims, while Slavery there continued into the twentieth century
• Fell finally after World War I
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Continuities and Change Under the
Ottomans
• Trade, arts, and culture of the area all were continuities
• While it changed form the Justinian’s Law to Shariah Law
• Istanbul remained the western end of the overland Silk Roads
• The Ottomans helped restore Istanbul to it’s former glory and made it a cultural center once again
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The Safavids: Ismail
• At 14 or 15, conquered most
of Persia and proclaimed
shah(King or emperor) in
1501
• Denied legitmacy of rule to
any Sunni, causing hostilities
with the Ottoman Empire.
This lives on even today
• Fighting between the Safavids
and Ottomans kept them
from becoming much of a
threat to Europe
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Shah Abbas I
• Presided over the Empire at it’s height
• Soldiers were often Christian boys pressed into service, imported European weaponry, and relied on Europeans to advise his troops
• In 1622 they took control of the Strait of Hormuz with the help of English Ships, which began a long history of British interest in Iran
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The Fall of the Empire
• After Shah, rulers continued military spending, with falling revenues, weakening it’s economy
• Eventually replaced by the Zand Dynasty in 1760
• Women were veiled and restricted in their movements as provided by Islamic law, but barely mentioned in Safavid histories, showing a lack of political influence
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Mughal India: Founded by Babur, but lets
talk about Akbar
• Ruled from 1556-1605 Akbar proved to be the most capable of the Mughal rulers
• All people had the right to appeal to him for final judgement
• Paid government officials called zamindars were given grants of land instead of salaries
• After him, however, the zamindars kept more of the money and built their own personal armies
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More on Akbar
• Was tolerant of all religions
• Provided land grants to Sikihism, developed from combination of Islamic Sufism and Hinduism
• He exempted all Hindus from all taxes paid by non-muslims in the empire
• At it’s time, the Mughal Empire was one of the richest and best-governed states in the world
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Shan Jahan
• Basically the guy who built the Taj Mahal as a tomb for his
wife (he ruled from 1627-1658)
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Decline of the Gunpowder Empires
• Resulted from pressure from European trading companies
• Also weak or corrupt leadership, and expensive armies
• In Mughal India, there was a deep religious division between Islam and Hinduism, as were between the Sunni Ottomans, and Shia Safavids