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Transcript of Chapter 19-2 The Inner and Outer Planets. Rocket Science Rocket Science... ?v=mmlM5XQxdMs ...
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Chapter 19-2
The Inner and Outer Planets
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Rocket Science . . .http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mmlM5XQxdMs
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Source: http://vathena.arc.nasa.gov/curric/space/planets/
The Nine Eight Planets• The term “planet” is derived from the Greek
for “wanderer” (picture not to scale)
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Planets
• Five visible w/o telescope– Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn
• Nine Eight total– Uranus, Neptune, Pluto– Who is Clyde Tombaugh, and why should you know?
• Moons: (define satellite)– Earth’s: Luna, “loony,” werewolves, moonth– Jupiter’s: Galilean (Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto) disc. by . . .
Galileo Galilei– Saturn’s, Uranus,’ Neptune’s– Pluto’s size ~ Charon’s; considered a binary system
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Planets & Their Moons
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The planets, to scale
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The Terrestrial Worlds
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Inner Planets: Overview
• Inside the asteroid belt• “Terrestrial” planets
–Small–Solid surfaces–Composed of rocks & metals–High densities–Few satellites
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Inner Planets: Mercury• God of commerce, travel
& thievery (speed)• Closest to sun
– Orbit didn’t behave according to Newton’s predictions on planetary motion• Caused by Vulcan?
– Reconciled by Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity
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Inner Planets: Venus• Ancient goddess of
beauty• Bright, beautiful
morning/evening “star”
• Heavily clouded w/CO2
• Hot, sulfuric acid• Runaway
greenhouse effect
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Inner Planets: Earth• Hydrosphere• Thick enough
atmosphere to protect from UV– Mercury’s is too thin, no
protection– Venus’ is too thick, traps
energy• Oxygenated via
volcanic gases & photosynthesis
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Inner Planets: Mars
Mars Rover Landing
Surface Exploration
Olympus Mons
Valles Marinaris
Polar CO2 “ice” caps
Exobiology
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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Mars• Two tiny moons (20 km
diameter)• Very thin atmosphere of
carbon dioxide• No liquid water on surface• Mostly frigid (200 K), but
occasionally warm (290 K)• Chance of microbial life,
especially in past
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MARSThe Red Planet
Al-Qahira Auqakuh
Ares
Huo Hsing
Maíadim
Shalbatnu
Hrad
Her Descher
Harmakhis
Bahram
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WHY DO YOU THINK MARS IS RED?
a) Mars is red because that is where men are from. Men get red when they are angry or embarrassed or trying to not pass gas in mixed company.
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WHY DO YOU THINK MARS IS RED?
(b) Mars is red because it has such a thin atmosphere, which cannot hold the blue like the earth's atmosphere can. Mars is also red because of all of the rusted iron dust surrounding the planet and all the rusted iron on the planet.
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WHY DO YOU THINK MARS IS RED?
(c) The ancient Roman god, Mars, was a great hunter (and resident of Georgia) who was smeared with red blood. Mars had a gun rack on the back of his truck, and liked to shoot off his guns on New Year's Eve. Mars was originally called the Redneck god, but over time, people just started saying, "Mars is red."http://www.why-is-the-sky-blue.tv/mars-red.htm
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OKAY, REALLY . . .
• FROM http://image.gsfc.nasa.gov/poetry/ask/a10510.html
• Mars’ is red because of the prevalence of iron oxides (rust) on the surface.
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SCHIAPARELLI
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H. G. WELLS
• Lowell's theories influenced the young English writer H.G. Wells, who in 1898
published “The War of the Worlds”• In this novel, Wells created an invasion of Earth by deadly aliens from Mars and
launched a whole new genre of alien science fiction.
• Radio broadcast Halloween 1938
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Mars landings (1976, 1997)
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Why haven’t we gone to Mars?
• 140 times farther than the moon (at best)
• Months of weightlessness is crippling
• Serious radiation hazards• Would have to carry food,
fuel, oxygen to last years• Taking earth bacteria to
Mars could confuse search for native Martian life
• So much to learn from robotic exploration!
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IS THE FACE ON MARS REAL?• The "face" is nothing
more than a hill that has been eroded by billions of years of Martian winds. The original Viking orbiter image showed the hill illuminated from an angle that highlighted certain features, creating the impression of a face.
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WATER, VOLCANOES, ICE CAPS
• Canyon: would reach from Chicago to LA if on Earth http://www.kidscosmos.org/kid-stuff/mars-facts.html
• Dust storms can last for months• Two moons, Phobos (fear) & Deimos
(panic)
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VOLCANOES
• Olympus Mons, largest volcano in the solar system
• Covers an area about the size of Arizona
• More than 3 times the height of Mt. Everest
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Asteroids
• “Asteroid” means “starlike”
• Also called minor planets– 3 to 700 km diameter
• Hundreds of thousands have been identified
• The largest (Ceres) has a diameter of 1023 km
• Most in belt between Mars and Jupiter
• Some cross Earth’s orbit (called Apollo objects)
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Source: http://www.solstation.com/stars/asteroid.htm
Source: http://www.mira.org/fts0/planets/098/images/gaspra.jpg
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Source: http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/lists/InnerPlot.html
Asteroid Belt (10/4/04)
Orbitof
Jupiter
Orbitof
Mars
Orbitof
Earth
Green dots represent minor planets
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Outer Planets: Overview• Outside asteroid belt• “Jovian” planets, or gas giants• Primarily hydrogen & helium• Low densities• Deep atmospheres• Rings• Many Satellites
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Outer Planets: Jupiter• Largest planet in solar
system– Could hold 1300 Earths– If 80x larger, would have
become a star
• 10-hour day• 12 (Earth)years to orbit sun• Great Red Spot: hurricane• Galilean Satellites
– Io, Europa, Callisto, Ganymede
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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Jupiter• 11 times earth’s diameter (1/10
sun’s diameter)• 300 times earth’s mass (1/1000
sun’s mass)• Visible surface is gas (mostly
hydrogen); interior must be mostly liquid, with solid core
• Fascinating banded patterns, hurricanes, great red spot
• Four large moons, many small ones
• Visited briefly 4 times in 1970’s (Pioneer, Voyager); orbited by Galileo spacecraft 1995-2003
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Saturn• Prettiest planet in small
telescopes• 9 times earth’s diameter • 100 times earth’s mass (1/3
Jupiter)• Gaseous surface, liquid interior,
solid core (like Jupiter)• Rings!• Many moons• Visited by Pioneer 11 (1979),
Voyager 1 & 2 (1980-81); Cassini will arrive next year for a 4-year mission
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Saturn’s rings
Rings are mostly ice particles, from tiny grains to boulder-sized chunks. Gaps are created by tug of nearby moons.
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Uranus• Discovered by William
Herschel, 1781• At the threshold of naked-
eye visibility• Less than half the size of
Saturn, and nearly twice as far
• Another gas giant planet with rings (faint), many moons
• Spin axis is tipped sideways• Visited by Voyager 2, 1986
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Uranus• Discovered by William
Herschel, 1781• At the threshold of naked-
eye visibility• Less than half the size of
Saturn, and nearly twice as far
• Another gas giant planet with rings (faint), many moons
• Spin axis is tipped sideways• Visited by Voyager 2, 1986
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Moons of UranusAll are icy, smaller than our own moon.
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Neptune• Discovered by mathematics
(anomaly in orbit of Uranus) in 1845-46, by John C. Adams and Urbain Leverrier
• Can be seen in binoculars (looks like a faint star)
• About the same size as Uranus, but 60% farther away
• Voyager 2 discovered a cool blue spot, which has since disappeared
• Largest moon, Triton, is a little smaller than our own and orbits backwards; surface is covered with ice
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In a class by itself: Pluto• Is it a planet? (Neil DeGrasse Tyson on
The Daily Show)– Small, rocky– Unlike other outer planets
• Moon, Charon– Proportionally larger than the moons of any other
planets• Discovered by Kansan in 1930
– Clyde Tombaugh, age 24– Of Burdett, KS– While a teen, built his own telescopes, grinding his
own mirrors– Asked advice from Lowell Observatory; was
offered a job• Picture & narration
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The comets
• “Comet” means “hairy”• Thousands have been
identified but the total population may be 10 trillion
• Total mass may be greater than Jupiter’s
• Divided into short-period and long-period comets
• Located in two areas:– Kuiper belt– Oort cloud
Source: http://www.solarviews.com/raw/comet/west.gif
Source: http://www.solarviews.com/browse/comet/halebop2.jpg
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Where the comets live
Source: http://www.solarviews.com/browse/comet/kuiper3.jpg
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The Oort cloud
Source: http://spaceguard.esa.int/NScience/neo/neo-what/com-oort.htm