CHAPTER 18 By: Mr. McLendon

Fall of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire- steady decline since the 18th century and WWI

was the final blow. During the war Great Britain influenced/encouraged Arabians

to declare independence. 1916 Arabia declared independence.

The entire Ottoman Empire was divided.

Massacre of the Armenians During the war an estimated 1 million Armenians were

victims of genocide. 1915- government reacted to a Armenian uprising. The

men were killed and the women and children were expelled.

Turkey’s Modernization Turkey was officially established

when the Ottoman Empire fell. President Kemal “Ataturk”

He transformed Turkey’s politics and created a 5 year plan for their economy.

He also eliminated Arabic elements from the Turkish language while replacing them with the Roman alphabet.

He also tried to break the power of the Islamic religion by forbidding the fez, “cap worn by Turkish Muslims” and women were forbidden to wear the veil “Islamic custom.

Beginning of Modern Iran The Qajar dynasty

was not successful in resolving the countries problems.

1908 oil was discovered and brought many foreign interests into the country.

Modern Iran cont. Oil and a lack of constitutional

control leads to a Persian Nationalist movement.

Reza Khan- led the Persian Nationalist movement in 1921. 1925 Reza Khan crowned king

Implemented reforms for government and modernization. He also improved the military and economy.

1935 Persia became the current Iran.

Arab Nationalism

After the war the League of Nations ruled Arab lands. Great Britain was over Iraq and Jordan. France was in control of Syria and Lebanon.

Boarders were created by Europeans. “created controversy”

1932 Ibn Saud united the Arabs on the Arabian Peninsula and formed Saudi Arabia.

Oil $$$$$$$$$$ was discovered by the U.S.

Palestine Long time feud over land. Jewish and

Muslims claimed this region. Post WWI: Great Britain ruled Palestine.

The Balfour Declaration- 1917 this supported the idea that Palestine should be a national home for Jews, but it also said that the rights of the non-Jewish population should be protected.

Muslims felt this was unfair because the community was appx. 98% Muslim.

Africa

Movement Towards Independence in Africa

Black Africans fought in WWI for G.B. and France hoping to gain independence at the wars end.

When Germany lost their land was taken over by the Allies.

The result of WWI led to activity in politics.

Libya Libyans were under

attack by Italians. Omar Mukhtar developed guerrilla tactics to defeat the Italians, but Mukhtar was killed. Many Libyans were forced into concentration camps.

This led to more calls for independence by the 1930’s.

LeadersW.E.B. Dubois

He was a firm believer in African culture. He wanted Africans to remember their own heritage. He studied in the U.S. at Harvard University.

Leaders Marcus Garvey

Jamaican and lived in Harlem.

He stressed the need for unity of all Africans. (Pan-Africanism)

Kenyan LeadersLeopold Senghor

Leader in Senegal and organized an independence movement in Senegal. Worked to end colonial rule.

Kenyan Leaders cont.Nnamdi Azikiwe

Created a newspaper and he believed in non violence as a method to gain independence. Worked to end colonial rule.

Jomo KenyattaWrote a book that argued against British rule. He said, “it was destroying African culture.”

CHINA: PATH TO COMMUNISM

Chapter 18Section 3

China’s Path to Communism

By 1920 two parties emerged to challenge the government. 1. Nationalist Party-

under Sun Yat-sen

2. Chinese Communist Party

Both parties formed an alliance in 1923 to oppose and drive the imperialist powers out of China!

Division of the Alliance The death of Sun

Yat-sen created friction in the alliance.

Chiang Kai-shek succeeded Sun Yat-sen. He supposedly supports the alliance.

Chiang Kai-shek

Shanghai Massacre 1927 Chiang attacked the

Communist Party. This is known as the Shanghai Massacre. 1000’s killed.

Communist fled into hiding. They quickly align with Mao Zedong.

Mao Zedong Leader of the CCP

(1935)

The Long March- Mao marched his troops apprx. 6,000 miles to the last Communist base. Only 9,000 of the

90,000 survived the march.

Chiang Kai-shek’s: “New Life Movement” (NLM)

The NLM’s goal was to promote traditional Confucian ethics. (hard work, obedience, and integrity)

Rejected the individualism and material greed that was associated with Western capitalism, but did implement Western industry.

The New China of Chiang Kai-shek

Tried to build a new nation following Sun Yat-sen. Tried to establish reforms

and modernize their industry.

Expanded railroads. National bank Education improvement Opposed redistribution

of wealth

LATIN AMERICAChapter 18 Section 4

Latin American Economy

EXPORTS Argentina- beef and

wheat Chile-nitrates and

copper Brazil & Caribbean-

sugar Central America-

bananas

U.S. Control U.S. owned the United Fruit Company.

They owned land, packing plants, and railroads.

Controlled copper mines in Chile and Peru Oil industries in Peru, Mexico, and Bolivia.

Anger towards the U.S. Angered Latin Americans

because the U.S. controlled so many aspects of the economy.

Viewed the U.S. as an imperialist power.

U.S. profits were associated with support for dictators that were in place. Example: U.S. and

Venezuela’s Juan Vicente Gomez.

FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy (GNP)

President Franklin D. Roosevelt implemented the GNP.

This policy rejected the use of military force in Latin America.

By 1934, FDR withdrew all U.S. troops.

Argentina Controlled by an

oligarchy Government ignored

the middle class, which leads to the new Radical Party in 1890.

New president: Hipolito Irigoyen

Argentina cont’ Radical Party sides with

landowners, which leads to corruption.

1930 Radical Party is overthrown by the Argentine army. They were afraid of the industrial workers striking.

Brazil The Brazilian economy was

crushed by the Great Depression, this forced large land owners out of power.

A military coup made Getulio Vargas president.

Vargas is an authoritarian leader.

Political parties were outlawed.

Mexico President Lazaro

Cardenas He distributes 44

million acres of land to peasants.

He takes a hard stance against the U.S. while FDR does nothing. (FDR’s GNP)

Government sets up a national oil company- PEMEX.