Chapter 17 - Processes of Evolution - OKALOOSA SCHOOLS · Web viewAt present, the birds provide a...

Chapter 17 - Processes of Evolution

Multiple Choice

1. During a two week course of antibiotics, bacteria can go through over ____ generations. a. 100 b. 500 c. 1000 d. 10,000 e. 1,000,000ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.1 Superbug FarmsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.17.1 - Examine how the overuse of antibiotics in poultry production as led the creation of superbugs.

2. In the United States, superbugs cause serious illness in over ____ people per year. a. 1000 b. 100,000 c. 1,000,000 d. 2,000,000 e. 5,000,000ANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.1 Superbug FarmsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


3. What is the term for a group of organisms of the same species that occupies a specified area? a. Individuals b. Species c. Population d. Polyploids e. TribeANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.2 Individuals Don’t Evolve, Populations DoLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.2 - Discuss the different factors contributing to microevolution.

4. Four of the following five events shuffles existing alleles into different combinations in sexually reproducing organisms. Which one is the exception? a. changes in chromosome number b. mutation c. independent assortment of chromosomes d. crossing over e. fertilizationANSWER: b

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.2 Individuals Don’t Evolve, Populations DoLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.2 - Discuss the different factors contributing to microevolution.

5. Which statement about gene mutations is FALSE? a. All mutations are transmitted to the next generation. b. Mutations are rare but their rates can be predicted. c. Mutations with beneficial effects will be favored by natural selection. d. Many mutations reduce an individual's chance of surviving and reproducing. e. Mutations with neutral effects neither help nor hurt the individual.ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.2 Individuals Don’t Evolve, Populations DoLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.2 - Discuss the different factors contributing to microevolution.

6. Four of the following characterize a population in genetic equilibrium. Which one is the exception? a. large population size b. no mutations c. differential reproduction d. absence of gene flow e. random matingANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 17.3 Genetic EquilibriumLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.3 - Examine the concept of genetic equilibrium under ideal conditions.

7. Which statement is TRUE? a. Environment can readily alter some genotypes. b. Genotype is manifested in phenotype. c. Unlike phenotypic variation, genetic variation is easily observable. d. Variation dies with individuals. e. Phenotype is seen physically in the genotype.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 17.2 Individuals Don’t Evolve, Populations DoLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.3 - Examine the concept of genetic equilibrium under ideal conditions.

8. Four of the following maintain genetic equilibrium and allele frequencies. Which one is the exception? a. lack of gene flow b. large population interbreeding freely c. differential survival and reproduction d. random mating e. absence of mutationsANSWER: c



DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 17.3 Genetic EquilibriumLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.3 - Examine the concept of genetic equilibrium under ideal conditions.

9. The Hardy-Weinberg law is a. useful in determining the extent to which a sexually reproducing population is evolving. b. used to predict when genetic drift will occur in a sexually reproducing population. c. useful in determining the extent to which polyploidy is occurring in specific plant populations. d. used to predict when specific groups of organisms will become extinct. e. useful in determining if a patient has a genetic disease.ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 17.3 Genetic EquilibriumLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.3 - Examine the concept of genetic equilibrium under ideal conditions.

Figure 17.3

10. If the population of flowers illustrated in the accompanying Punnett square is in genetic equilibrium, the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype in the new generation will be ____. a. p2 b. 2pq c. p2 + q2

d. q2

e. p2 + 2pq



ANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 17.3 Genetic EquilibriumPREFACE NAME: Figure 17.3LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.3 - Examine the concept of genetic equilibrium under ideal conditions.

11. If the frequency of a recessive gene in a population in genetic equilibrium is 40 percent, in the next generation. the frequency of that gene would be ____. a. 20 percent b. 40 percent c. 80 percent d. 2pq e. unpredictableANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 17.3 Genetic EquilibriumLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.3 - Examine the concept of genetic equilibrium under ideal conditions.

12. If the frequency of expression of a recessive trait in a population is 16 percent, the frequency of the recessive allele is what percent? a. 16 b. 25 c. 40 d. 50 e. 67ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 17.3 Genetic EquilibriumLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.3 - Examine the concept of genetic equilibrium under ideal conditions.

13. Which individuals will be LEAST favored when selection pressures acting on a population result in stabilizing selection? a. individuals at the lower end of the range of variation only b. individuals at the upper end of the range of variation only c. individuals distributed randomly within the range of variation d. the intermediate individuals within the range of variation e. extreme individuals at both ends of the range of variationANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 17.4 Patterns of Natural SelectionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.17.4 - Examine the three modes of natural selection—directional, stabilizing, and disruptive selection.



Figure 17.6

14. As the trees in England become less sooty due to pollution controls on factories, which of the moths in the accompanying figure will be selected against? a. The dark moth on the dark tree b. The light moth on the light tree c. All of the light moths equally d. The dark moth on the light tree e. All of the dark moths equallyANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 17.5 Directional SelectionPREFACE NAME: Figure 17.6LEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.5 - Outline directional selection using three examples.

15. When the rodenticide warfarin was first introduced, rats were very susceptible to it. The development of resistance to warfarin by rats was the result of a. special creation. b. natural selection of individuals that expressed genes for resistance. c. the high biotic potential of insects. d. a naturally occurring example of inheritance of acquired characteristics. e. mutation induced by DDT.ANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.5 Directional SelectionLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.5 - Outline directional selection using three examples.

16. Stabilizing selection occurs when a. the environment controls which organisms will survive. b. humans determine which organisms will survive.



c. the extremes of the population have a lesser chance to survive. d. the extremes of the population have a better chance to survive. e. the organisms on one extreme of the population have a better chance to survive than those on the other

extreme.ANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.6 Stabilizing and Disruptive SelectionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.17.6 - Demonstrate the principles of stabilizing selection and disruptive selection using examples.

17. Disruptive selection occurs when a. the environment controls which organisms will survive. b. humans determine which organisms will survive. c. the extremes of the population have a lesser chance to survive. d. the extremes of the population have a better chance to survive. e. the organisms on one extreme of the population have a better chance to survive than those on the other

extreme.ANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.6 Stabilizing and Disruptive SelectionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


Figure 17.9

18. The graph above shows the survival of sociable weavers as a function of body mass. Sociable weaver body mass seems to be an example of ____. a. directional selectionCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


b. stabilizing selection c. sexual selection d. disruptive selection e. artificial selectionANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 17.6 Stabilizing and Disruptive SelectionPREFACE NAME: Figure 17.9LEARNING OBJECTIVES:


19. Male mallard ducks have had emerald green head feathers and wings with metallic blue patches for hundreds of years, whereas females have been drab, brown-feathered ducks. This phenotypic situation suggests that mallards may be an example of ____. a. directional selection b. Polyploidy c. allopatric speciation d. disruptive selection e. sexual selectionANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 17.7 Fostering DiversityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.17.7 - Differentiate between sexual dimorphism and balanced dimorphism using examples.

20. Sexual dimorphism has arisen as a result of ____. a. stabilizing selection b. heterozygote superiority c. kin selection d. sexual selection e. directional selectionANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.7 Fostering DiversityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


21. Two or more alleles of a gene present at relatively high frequencies in a population’s gene pool is known as ____. a. disruptive selection b. sexual dimorphism c. directional selection d. stabilizing selection e. balanced polymorphismANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember



REFERENCES: 17.7 Fostering DiversityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


22. The persistence of the sickle-cell anemia allele in some African populations is the result of ____. a. a high rate of mutation of the normal allele to the sickle-cell anemia allele b. the advantage of the heterozygous form over the homozygous forms c. nonrandom mating d. a decline in the occurrence of malaria in Africa e. genetic driftANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.7 Fostering DiversityLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


23. The sharp reduction of the gene pool and the numbers of a population through a severe epidemic is an example of ____. a. natural selection b. genetic isolation c. the bottleneck effect d. the founder effect e. the wild card effectANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.8 Genetic Drift and Gene FlowLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.17.8 - Examine the impact of genetic drift and gene flow on the genetic diversity of a population.

24. When a population goes through a bottleneck, ____. a. genetic drift is likely to occur b. mutation rates increase c. extinction rates decrease d. natural selection decreases in intensity e. inbreeding decreasesANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.8 Genetic Drift and Gene FlowLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


25. Gene flow ____. a. has a homogenizing influence between two populations b. speeds up the divergence of two populations c. increases the genetic variation between populations



d. is promoted by isolating mechanisms e. promotes inbreedingANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.8 Genetic Drift and Gene FlowLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


26. What is a type of postzygotic reproductive isolating mechanism? a. temporal isolation b. mechanical isolation c. behavioral isolation d. hybrid sterility e. sexual deselectionANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.9 Reproductive IsolationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.17.9 - Examine the process of reproductive isolation and the different methods of reproductive isolation.

27. Four of the following are characteristics of a species. Which one is the exception? a. They exist in one or more groups. b. They produce fertile offspring. c. They are reproductively isolated from other groups. d. They are identical in appearance. e. They interbreed.ANSWER: dDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 17.9 Reproductive IsolationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


28. Speciation occurs ____. a. after populations become reproductively isolated b. when mutations generate observable differences c. when transitional forms develop between different populations d. when natural selection pressures reach their maximum e. randomly as mutations build up in a populationANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 17.9 Reproductive IsolationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


29. The situation in which an embryo produced as a result of a mating between individuals of different species is



incompatible with the mother and is subsequently aborted is an example of ____. a. temporal isolation b. hybrid inviability c. mechanical isolation d. gametic mortality e. behavioral isolationANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.9 Reproductive IsolationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


30. Prezygotic reproductive isolation occurs ____. a. just after the union of the egg and sperm nuclei b. during embryo development c. during fetal development d. after birth e. before the mating pair comes into contactANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.9 Reproductive IsolationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


31. Allopatric speciation requires ____. a. accelerated gene flow b. physical separation c. physical diversity d. behavioral diversity e. sexual selectionANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.10 Allopatric SpeciationLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.10 - Examine the process of allopatric speciation using examples.

32. The effectiveness of geographic barriers in promoting speciation is related most to ____. a. the absolute size of the barrier b. the inability of the organisms to overcome the barrier c. the speed at which the barrier forms d. how long the barrier exists e. the size of the population it separatesANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.10 Allopatric SpeciationLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.10 - Examine the process of allopatric speciation using examples.Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


33. Which of the following is the best definition of sympatric speciation? a. species that evolve due to geographical distance b. mechanical isolation acts to prevent speciation c. breeding behavior that prevents the organisms from breeding due to differences in their breeding time d. ecological isolation e. divergence within a population leads to speciation in the absence of a physical barrier to gene flow.ANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.10 Allopatric SpeciationLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.10 - Examine the process of allopatric speciation using examples.

34. What is the type of speciation that can occur in an instant with a change in chromosome number? a. temporal b. mechanical c. behavioral d. ecological e. sympatricANSWER: eDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.11 Other Speciation ModelsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.17.11 - Differentiate between sympatric speciation and parapatric speciation using examples.

35. Speciation caused by a change in the course of a river is an example of ____ speciation. a. divergent b. parapatric c. allopatric d. convergent e. sympatricANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.11 Other Speciation ModelsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


36. What can result in speciation within a few generations? a. development of a physical barrier b. polyploidy arising in a plant species c. postzygotic isolating mechanisms d. change in environmental conditions e. the introduction of a new predator into an areaANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 17.11 Other Speciation ModelsCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


LEARNING OBJECTIVES:


37. Parapatric speciation occurs most often ____. a. within in the same home range b. populations inhabiting different areas while maintaining contact along a common border c. within a group of interbreeding populations d. on either side of geographic barriers e. by polyploidyANSWER: bDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.11 Other Speciation ModelsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


38. An organism is found to be almost unchanged from its 200 million year old fossil. This is an example of ____. a. stasis b. coevolution c. mass extinction d. adaptive radiation e. idealized designANSWER: aDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.12 MacroevolutionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.17.12 - Distinguish the evolutionary processes of macroevolution from macroevolution.

39. Adaptive radiation is demonstrated by ____. a. the dinosaurs going extinct b. coelecanths remaining similar over hundreds of millions of years c. the evolution of mammals after dinosaurs went extinct d. rats and resistance to warfarin e. warbler body mass and survivalANSWER: cDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: UnderstandREFERENCES: 17.12 MacroevolutionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


Matching

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.a. a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generationsb. encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from

other such groupsc. the genes of an entire populationCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


d. the frequency of homozygous dominants in a populatione. the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a populationf. the frequency of heterozygotes in a populationg. the frequency of homozygous recessives in a populationh. heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is foundi. pesticide-resistant pestsDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.3 Genetic EquilibriumLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.3 - Examine the concept of genetic equilibrium under ideal conditions.

40. p + qANSWER: e

41. p2ANSWER: d

42. 2pqANSWER: f

43. genetic equilibriumANSWER: a

44. q2ANSWER: g


other such groupsc. the genes of an entire populationd. the frequency of homozygous dominants in a populatione. the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a populationf. the frequency of heterozygotes in a populationg. the frequency of homozygous recessives in a populationh. heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is foundi. pesticide-resistant pestsDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.9 Reproductive IsolationLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


45. speciesANSWER: b

Choose the most appropriate letter for each.a. a reference point that implies stability of gene frequencies through generationsb. encompasses all of those actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


other such groupsc. the genes of an entire populationd. the frequency of homozygous dominants in a populatione. the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a populationf. the frequency of heterozygotes in a populationg. the frequency of homozygous recessives in a populationh. heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is foundi. pesticide-resistant pestsDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.5 Directional SelectionLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.5 - Outline directional selection using three examples.

46. directional selectionANSWER: i


other such groupsc. the genes of an entire populationd. the frequency of homozygous dominants in a populatione. the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a populationf. the frequency of heterozygotes in a populationg. the frequency of homozygous recessives in a populationh. heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is foundi. pesticide-resistant pestsDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.2 Individuals Don’t Evolve, Populations DoLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.2 - Discuss the different factors contributing to microevolution.

47. gene poolANSWER: c


other such groupsc. the genes of an entire populationd. the frequency of homozygous dominants in a populatione. the frequencies of dominant and recessive alleles in a populationf. the frequency of heterozygotes in a populationg. the frequency of homozygous recessives in a populationh. heterozygote advantage in regions where malaria is foundi. pesticide-resistant pestsDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Remember



REFERENCES: 17.4 Patterns of Natural SelectionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


48. balanced polymorphismANSWER: h

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.a. Mutationb. gene flowc. genetic driftd. natural selectionDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.8 Genetic Drift and Gene FlowLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


49. This is most likely to lead to the loss of genetic variation in a small population.ANSWER: c

50. This process can rapidly offset the effects of genetic isolation when two populations come into secondary contact.ANSWER: b

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.a. Mutationb. gene flowc. genetic driftd. natural selectionDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.4 Patterns of Natural SelectionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


51. The reduced contribution of one phenotype in comparison to another to the next generation is an example of this.ANSWER: d

52. The occurrence of mimicry is best explained as the ultimate result of this process.ANSWER: d

For the following statements, select the best choice of the four evolutionary processes listed below.a. Mutationb. gene flowc. genetic driftd. natural selectionDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.2 Individuals Don’t Evolve, Populations DoLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.2 - Discuss the different factors contributing to microevolution.



53. This process produces new genetic variation within a species.ANSWER: a

Completion

54. Individuals of a(n) __________ share a gene pool.ANSWER: populationDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.2 Individuals Don’t Evolve, Populations DoLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.2 - Discuss the different factors contributing to microevolution.

55. Mutations are the original source of new alleles, but may be adaptive, __________ or __________.ANSWER:

lethal; neutralneutral; lethal

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.2 Individuals Don’t Evolve, Populations DoLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.2 - Discuss the different factors contributing to microevolution.

56. Microevolution is change in the __________ of a population.ANSWER: allele frequenciesDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.2 Individuals Don’t Evolve, Populations DoLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.2 - Discuss the different factors contributing to microevolution.

57. Deviations from __________ indicate that a population is evolving.ANSWER: genetic equilibriumDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.3 Genetic EquilibriumLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.3 - Examine the concept of genetic equilibrium under ideal conditions.

58. __________ occurs in different patterns depending on the species and selection pressures.ANSWER: Natural selectionDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.4 Patterns of Natural SelectionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


59. __________ shifts the range of variation in traits in one direction.ANSWER: Directional selectionDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.5 Directional SelectionLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.5 - Outline directional selection using three examples.

60. __________ selection favors intermediate forms of a trait where __________ selection favors extreme forms.ANSWER: Stabilizing; disruptiveDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


REFERENCES: 17.6 Stabilizing and Disruptive SelectionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


61. __________ selection leads to forms of traits that enhance reproductive success and may result in sexual dimorphism.ANSWER: SexualDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.11 Other Speciation ModelsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


62. __________ can lead to the loss of genetic diversity.ANSWER: Genetic driftDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.8 Genetic Drift and Gene FlowLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


63. __________ counters the effects of mutation, natural selection, and genetic drift.ANSWER: Gene flowDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.8 Genetic Drift and Gene FlowLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


64. Reproductive isolation is marked by the __________ of gene flow between populations.ANSWER: endDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.8 Genetic Drift and Gene FlowLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


65. In __________ speciation, a geographic barrier interrupts gene flow between populations.ANSWER: allopatricDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.10 Allopatric SpeciationLEARNING OBJECTIVES: UDOL.STES.16.17.10 - Examine the process of allopatric speciation using examples.

66. With __________ speciation, populations in physical contact speciate.ANSWER: sympatricDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.11 Other Speciation ModelsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


67. __________ species of many plants (and a few animals) originated by chromosome doublings and hybridizations.ANSWER: PolyploidCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.


DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.11 Other Speciation ModelsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


68. In __________ speciation, populations in contact along a common border speciate.ANSWER: parapatricDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.11 Other Speciation ModelsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


69. __________ is rapid diversification into new species that occupy novel niches.ANSWER: Adaptive radiationDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.12 MacroevolutionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


70. __________ occurs when two species act as agents of selection upon one another.ANSWER: CoevolutionDIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: RememberREFERENCES: 17.12 MacroevolutionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


Subjective Short Answer

71. Consider the sources of variation in traits among individuals of a species. Which of these can be controlled and which cannot be controlled?ANSWER: Mutation is a chance event that cannot be controlled. Crossing over and independent assortment are

also beyond the control of individuals as they are random events that occur with cells undergoing meiosis. Similarly, change in chromosome number or structure is pure chance. The only element that can be controlled is fertilization which may reveal why sexual selection is so strict in many species.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: AnalyzeREFERENCES: 17.2 Individuals Don’t Evolve, Populations DoLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.17.2 - Discuss the different factors contributing to microevolution.

72. Do human beings meet the five conditions necessary for the Hardy-Weinberg law? Explain.ANSWER: No species meets all these conditions, but humans are very close. The one area that no species can

meet is mutations, so we cannot say humans do not experience mutations. Our population is not infinitely large, but is large enough to model an infinite population very well. Humans represent a global population, so there is no gene flow from other populations. Mating is not completely random, but is relatively random in that there is no trait of set of traits that are consistently selected for in mating. And lastly, human survival rates are very good and most members of the population produce a relatively similar number of offspring. Compared to many other species, humans are a good match for Hardy-Weinberg law conditions.



DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: AnalyzeREFERENCES: 17.3 Genetic EquilibriumLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.17.3 - Examine the concept of genetic equilibrium under ideal conditions.

73. Imagine the birds that eat peppered moths went extinct. What would happen to the peppered moth population?ANSWER: At present, the birds provide a selective pressure on the peppered moth population. Since the trees are

currently free of pollution, the lighter colored moths are less likely to be eaten and thus are more prevalent. In the absence of selective pressure however, both light and dark moth types would survive equally, and the population would come to be a mix of light and dark colored moths unless some other selective pressure against color were active.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: ApplyREFERENCES: 17.5 Directional SelectionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

UDOL.STES.16.17.5 - Outline directional selection using three examples.

74. Give an example of exaptation in humans.ANSWER: Our opposable thumbs are an example of exaptation. The opposable thumb evolved as a mechanism

to grasp branches and support the arboreal existence of our ancestors. The same thumb and finger arrangement made possible the use and production of tools in our more recent ancestors.

DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: AnalyzeREFERENCES: 17.12 MacroevolutionLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



Chapter 17 - Processes of Evolution - OKALOOSA SCHOOLS · Web viewAt present, the birds provide a...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 17 - Processes of Evolution - OKALOOSA SCHOOLS · Web viewAt present, the birds provide a...