Chapter 17 Chapter 17

Notes and DiscussionNotes and Discussion

The Age of The Age of ExplorationExploration

Led by Led by Portugal Portugal

and Spainand Spain

1400-1400-17501750

Exploration…Why Now? Exploration…Why Now? Six Major ReasonsSix Major Reasons

1.1.The Renaissance SpiritThe Renaissance Spirit2.2.An increasing competition An increasing competition

among European monarchs to among European monarchs to be the “super nation” be the “super nation”

3. Riches in Spices, Silk and 3. Riches in Spices, Silk and PorcelainPorcelain

4. Europeans wanted to 4. Europeans wanted to find direct access to Asia find direct access to Asia & India& India• Cut out Muslim & Cut out Muslim &

Italian middlemen Italian middlemen • Need to bypass Need to bypass

Mediterranean Mediterranean

5. New 5. New Navigation Navigation TechnologyTechnology1.1. Better Maps Better Maps

-More durable -More durable maps made of maps made of sheep skin sheep skin

2. 2. The compass made The compass made it to Europe by the it to Europe by the 1200s, from where? 1200s, from where?

3. 3. The astrolabe The astrolabe measured latitude measured latitude using angles of sun using angles of sun and stars on the and stars on the horizon; not horizon; not accurate in rough accurate in rough seas seas

The compass The compass came from came from ChinaChina

An An astrolaastrolabebe

The CaravelThe CaravelDeveloped by Developed by the Portuguese the Portuguese but a but a combination of combination of Arab and Arab and European sail European sail design. design.

-Triangle--Triangle-shaped sails shaped sails enabled ships to enabled ships to sail against sail against wind. wind.

-Multiple masts -Multiple masts (upright (upright pole)increased pole)increased speed. speed.

The UltimateThe Ultimate

Reasons to Reasons to Explore….Explore….

6. The Three G’s 6. The Three G’s(political) Glory(political) Glory(economic) Gold(economic) Gold(religious) God(religious) God

The The conquistadors, conquistadors, or the or the

conquerors conquerors emerge emerge for all for all

three reasons. three reasons.

Who’s Land Was It?Who’s Land Was It?• 1494 Treaty of 1494 Treaty of

Tordesillas Tordesillas • Spain to control Spain to control

west territories; west territories; Portugal to control Portugal to control east territories.9 east territories.9 (Europe not (Europe not included)included)

•

Portuguese Portuguese Explorations: Explorations:

Trading EmpireTrading Empire

Prince Henry the Prince Henry the NavigatorNavigator

• Devoted his life to Devoted his life to promoting and financing promoting and financing explorationexploration

• His greatest contributionsHis greatest contributions

• 1418 started the first 1418 started the first school for oceanic school for oceanic navigationnavigation

• Sailors were trained in Sailors were trained in navigation, map-making, navigation, map-making, and astronomy and astronomy • Diaz and da GamaDiaz and da Gama

Bartholomeu Dias Bartholomeu Dias 14871487First to reach First to reach

the southern the southern tip of Africatip of Africa

Discovered the Discovered the Cape of Good Cape of Good Hope.Hope.

VascoVasco

da Gamda Gamaa • In In 14971497 led four led four

ships on an ships on an expedition to India. expedition to India.

• First to sail around First to sail around Africa and reach Africa and reach IndiaIndia

Sailed from Portugal to Calicut, Sailed from Portugal to Calicut, IndiaIndia

Describe the interactions of Portuguese with West African Describe the interactions of Portuguese with West African and East African people in 1550and East African people in 1550

West African KingdomsWest African Kingdoms The existence and continued operations of the The existence and continued operations of the

Portuguese could be halted if Africans so desiredPortuguese could be halted if Africans so desired ChristianityChristianity Some African kingdoms rejected missionaries and Some African kingdoms rejected missionaries and

Christianity, while others embraced them (Ethiopia) Christianity, while others embraced them (Ethiopia) East AfricaEast Africa Muslims controlled most of the trading ports except Muslims controlled most of the trading ports except

Malindi and Ethiopia so they were received with cool Malindi and Ethiopia so they were received with cool reception resulting in trade as well as conflicts reception resulting in trade as well as conflicts ( Portugal eventually took control of many ports along ( Portugal eventually took control of many ports along the Swahili coast)the Swahili coast)

Portugal dominates the Indian Portugal dominates the Indian Ocean trade in the 16Ocean trade in the 16thth century century

Looked towards Indian Ocean trade Looked towards Indian Ocean trade Portuguese power was ocean-based and Portuguese power was ocean-based and

exerted very little control on land. Thus, exerted very little control on land. Thus, the maritime trading cities and empires of the maritime trading cities and empires of the Indian Ocean were much more the Indian Ocean were much more vulnerable vulnerable

Controlling many of the key trading ports Controlling many of the key trading ports in the Swahili coast, India, and Macao in the Swahili coast, India, and Macao (China) brought considerable profit(China) brought considerable profit

Spanish Spanish ExplorationsExplorationsLand Based Land Based

EmpireEmpire

Spain : Land Based EmpireSpain : Land Based EmpireWhy?Why?

Spain and Portugal had similar motives Spain and Portugal had similar motives and identical ships and weaponsand identical ships and weapons

What happened?What happened? Isolation of the Americans made the Isolation of the Americans made the

motives differentmotives differentAmerican lands much were easier to American lands much were easier to

dominate than Asian and African landsdominate than Asian and African landsResorted to conquest and plunger rather Resorted to conquest and plunger rather

than tradethan trade

Christopher Columbus:Christopher Columbus:• Born in Genoa, ItalyBorn in Genoa, Italy• In 1492, Queen Isabella and In 1492, Queen Isabella and

King Ferdinand financed an King Ferdinand financed an expedition for Columbus to expedition for Columbus to find a new route to India find a new route to India heading west. heading west.

• Their reason: the “Three Their reason: the “Three G’s” G’s”

• Carried a letter to the Grand Carried a letter to the Grand Khan (Chinese emperor)Khan (Chinese emperor)

First Circumnavigator of the Globe First Circumnavigator of the Globe Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan

• Sponsored by Spain in 1519, Sponsored by Spain in 1519, the Portuguese explorer set out the Portuguese explorer set out to find a western route to India to find a western route to India

• Charted a narrow waterway Charted a narrow waterway named Strait of Magellan named Strait of Magellan which enabled sailors to cross which enabled sailors to cross the Pacific Ocean.the Pacific Ocean.

• 1521 died in the Philippines 1521 died in the Philippines

• 18 sailors complete the mission 18 sailors complete the mission back to Spainback to Spain

English ExplorersEnglish ExplorersJohn Cabot - 1497John Cabot - 1497

• Sent by King Henry VII Sent by King Henry VII

• His discovery gives His discovery gives England the claim to England the claim to most of Eastern North most of Eastern North America!America!

Financed by the Dutch

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE… COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE… WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

The Eve of The Eve of DestructionDestruction

In 1492 In 1492 anthropologists anthropologists estimate there were estimate there were about 75 million about 75 million Native Americans in Native Americans in the Western the Western Hemisphere; 25 Hemisphere; 25 million in Mexico million in Mexico

By 1650 there are By 1650 there are less than 10 million in less than 10 million in the hemisphere; 1 the hemisphere; 1 million in Mexico! million in Mexico!

What happened? What happened?

Arrived in 1519 with 11 Arrived in 1519 with 11 ships, 500+ men and a ships, 500+ men and a few cannonsfew cannons

Taught to be the Taught to be the arrival of the great arrival of the great god Quetzalcoatlgod Quetzalcoatl 8 months of peace8 months of peace

Cortes formed an Cortes formed an alliance with those alliance with those enslaved tribes who enslaved tribes who hate their Aztec hate their Aztec

It took two years for It took two years for Cortes to conqueror Cortes to conqueror the empire. the empire.

Cortes Treated as a Cortes Treated as a God…God…

A A Map of Cortes’ travels across Map of Cortes’ travels across Mexico, 1519-1526Mexico, 1519-1526A A Map of Cortes’ travels across Map of Cortes’ travels across Mexico, 1519-1526Mexico, 1519-1526

The Rest of the The Rest of the Story…Story… Indians forced to Indians forced to

work on Spanish work on Spanish farms and mines. farms and mines.

Thousands died Thousands died from over work, from over work, lack of food and lack of food and disease; (small disease; (small pox) pox)

forced to convert forced to convert to Christianityto Christianity

Conquest of Conquest of PeruPeru In 1531, Pizarro In 1531, Pizarro

sailed from Panama sailed from Panama city with about 180 city with about 180 men. men. The Spaniards find The Spaniards find the Inca’s trying to the Inca’s trying to recover from civil war. recover from civil war.

Had he come early Had he come early he would have met a he would have met a united empire. united empire.

Pizzaro uses the Pizzaro uses the Inca’s own roads to Inca’s own roads to get to them. They get to them. They have 14,000 miles of have 14,000 miles of road!road!

Reasons for Victory… Reasons for Victory…

1.1. Superior military Superior military technologies: armor, steel technologies: armor, steel swords, fire arms, cannonsswords, fire arms, cannons

2.2. Division & Discontent Division & Discontent among the Indians. among the Indians.

3.3. Disease brought by the Disease brought by the Europeans Europeans

4.4. Spanish imposed forced Spanish imposed forced labor and religious labor and religious conversion to control their conversion to control their empireempire

global exploration of the Chinese and Muslims global exploration of the Chinese and Muslims before 1450?before 1450?

Ming Ming sponsored 7 imperial fleets (1405-1433)sponsored 7 imperial fleets (1405-1433) Mainly used to display Ming dominion and powerMainly used to display Ming dominion and power

Used over 60 large treasure shipsUsed over 60 large treasure ships

1433 the Chinese quickly abandoned maritime expansion in 1433 the Chinese quickly abandoned maritime expansion in favor of their land-based empirefavor of their land-based empire

Not very profitableNot very profitable

MuslimMuslim the Muslims extended their reach from the Islamic the Muslims extended their reach from the Islamic

Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and Indian Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean.Ocean.

Traders shared a common ethic, language, and lawTraders shared a common ethic, language, and law Provided a demand for commoditiesProvided a demand for commodities