Chapter 16. Section 1 Pathway to the Americas Ice Age period when temperatures dropped sharply ...
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Transcript of Chapter 16. Section 1 Pathway to the Americas Ice Age period when temperatures dropped sharply ...
THE AMERICASChapter 16
The First AmericansSection 1
Pathway to the Americas Ice Age period when temperatures
dropped sharply Most of Earth’s water was in glaciers Ice froze seas fell Beringia People in Asia possibly followed the
animals they were hunting into North America
First Americans possibly arrived between 15,000 and 40,000 years ago.
Hunting and Gathering
Gathered nuts, fruits, and roots Hunted woolly mammoth (up to 9 tons),
antelope, caribou, and bison
First American Civilizations Farming began in Mesoamerica 9,000 – 10,000
years ago. Meso Greek for “middle” Area includes the Valley of Mexico to Costa Rica Rich volcanic soil and mild climate Rains in spring and fall First crops pumpkins, peppers, squash, gourds,
and beans began crossing corn with other grasses and
created maize.
Mesoamerican Civilizations 1500 BC, the first civilization popped up The Olmec
Near Vera Cruz, MexicoBuilt a far reaching trading empireStarted around 1200 BCLasted around 800 yearsRich farming resourcesTraded salt and beans for jewelry and obsidianUsed hematite to make polished mirrors and
basalt for carving gigantic stone heads
Mesoamerican Civilizations As Teotihuacan’s power spread, a people called
the Maya built another civilization in the rain forests of the Yucatan PeninsulaUsed canoes to possibly reach the present-day United
States. Teotihuacan and Mayan cities reached their peaks
in the AD 400s and 500s. Causes
OverpopulationPoor rebelled against rich rulers
The Mayans lasted 200 years more, but came to a mysterious end.
Toltec
As the Maya left their cities, the Toltec took control of northern Mexico.Built city of TulaConquered the Yucatan PeninsulaHeld a monopoly to the trade in obsidian
○ This kept others from making weapons to challenge them
Around AD 1200, the Aztec took control of the region
Moche
The Moche were in dry coastal desert of PeruRuled AD 100 to 700Dug canals to carry water from Andes
MountainsHunted llamas and guinea pigsDesigned huge pyramidsNo written language
Inca
Lived in Andes Mountains Capital was Cuzco
Civilizations in North America AD 300 Hohokam
Planted gardens between Salt and Gila RiversThrived for about 1,000 yearsMid 1300s, they mysterious fled
AD 600 AnasaziCollected water from cliffsControlled the trade in turquoise Lived in huge apartment-like houses carved into
cliffsSpanish explorers called these buildings
pueblos, meaning “village”
Mound Builders
1000 BC to 400 AD Founders built huge mounds made of
earth, some in the shape of animals Adena and Hopewell tribes
Lands stretched from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico
Lived mostly as hunter/gatherersTamed some plants (sunflowers, gourds, and
barley)Corn was introduced around AD 100
The Mississippians The Hopewell mysteriously declined and the
Mississippians emerged Became full-time farmers Large-scale farming led to the rise of cities The largest city, Cahokia may have had
30,000 people (southwestern Illinois) Built pyramid shaped mounds AD 1300s, the Mississippians collapsed,
possibly due to attack or becoming too big to support.
Life in the AmericasSection 2
The Mayan People
Settled in Peten, Mayan word for “flat region”, in Guatemala.Swamps and sinkholes year round source
of water Set-up city states Rulers said they were descended from
the sunGod-kings
The Mayan People
Taught subjects how to please the godsHuman sacrifice.Believed gods gave their life-giving fluid (rain)
so humans should give theirs in return (blood)When going into battle, Mayans wanted
captives more than land.During drought, priests offered captives to
Chac (god of rain and sunlight)○ Believed Chac lived in watery pits and threw
captives here.
The Mayan People Religion was the core of Mayan life Priests set up a strict social system Calakmul at least two women served as all-
powerful queens. Kings and queens turned to priests for advice
Priests believed the gods revealed their plans through movements of the sun.
Developed 365 day calendar based on movements of the stars.
Developed system of counting based on 20.Used system of hieroglyphics
The Aztec
Arrived in 1250 and were given a patch of land filled with snakes.
Quetzalcoatl sun god and feathered serpentWould know they found homeland when and
eagle “screams and spreads its wings, and eats…the serpent”
1325 settled on a soggy island in Lake Texcoco
Founded the city of Tenochtitlan
The Aztec Tenochtitlan “place of the prickly pear
cactus” A council of priests, warriors, and nobles
picked each king from a royal family. King was top of society Others fell into four classes
NoblesCommonersUnskilled laborersEnslaved people
The Aztec Largest group was commoners
Farmers, artisans or tradersCould join nobles by performing one act of bravery
in war. Saw death as honorable Could reach after life if…
Soldiers died in battleCaptives gave life in sacrificeWomen who died in childbirth
Others went to “Land of the Dead”, the lowest level of the afterlife
The Aztec
The god Huitzilopochtli vowed “We shall conquer all the people in the universe”
This promise inspired the Aztec to honor the god with a huge temple at the center of TenochtitlanMany captive were taken here and
sacrificed
The Inca Empire Blamed earthquakes on the god Pachacamac
“Lord of the Earth” The greatest Incan leader took the name
Pachacuti “Earthshaker”1438, he and his son built the largest empire in the
Americas.2500 miles (LA to NY)Set up a strong central government, but allowed local
leaders to stay in power In return, leaders’ sons were sent to Cuzco for training.Required the people to learn Quechua, the Incan
language
The Inca Empire Believed the sun god Inti protected Cuzco Rulers called themselves “sons of the sun” Rulers and wives were top of society Head priest and commander of the army were next Next, regional army leaders Then temple priests, army commanders, and
skilled workers (musicians, artisans, and accountants)
Bottom farmers, herders, and ordinary soldiers. Further divided society into 12 job categories
Every one over the age of 5 had a specific job to hold.
The Inca Empire
Rarely honored gods with human sacrificeOnly during earthquakes of times of troubleMost often sacrificed childrenWorshipped sacrificed children as gods
Built large works of stoneMachu PicchuUsed a quipu (a rope with knotted cords of
different lengths and colors)
Life in North America
People settled in Canada and Alaska around 3000 BC
Called themselves the Inuit (“the people”) Igloos dome-shaped homes, from
blocks of ice and snow Dogsleds to travel by land Hunted seals, walruses, caribou, and
polar bears Oil from animals used for oil lamps
Life on the West Coast
Tlingit, Haida, Chinook One of the most heavily populated areas
north of Mesoamerica Area of California had over 500 early
American cultures
Life in Southwest
Hopi, Acoma, Pueblo, and Zuni descended from Hohokam and Anasazi
Knew how to farm dry land Built apartment-like homes
Adobe used sun-dried mud brick 1500s, Apache and Navajo moved into
area
Great Plains
Dense grassroots made farming difficult Mandan, Hidatsa, Pawnee Women gardened Men hunted herds of buffalo
Eastern Woodlands
Combined farming with hunting and fishing
Mild climate led to long growing season Groups formed governments Natchez (Mississippi) set up strict social
classes Cherokee (Georgia and North Carolina)
had formal codes of law
Eastern Woodlands
Some set up confederations governments that link several groupsMost famous Iroquois league
○ Included the Onondaga, Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida, and Cayuga
○ Helped unite Iroquois against the Algonquians
The Fall of the Aztec and Inca Empires
Section 3
The Spanish Arrive in America Portuguese began mapping the west
coast of Africa Spanish financed a trip for Italian
Christopher ColumbusColumbus convinced the Spanish that he
could reach Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean
Columbus
August 1492Set sail from Spain
October 1492Landed on an island in the Caribbean SeaBelieved he had landed in AsiaTraveled farther and landed on the island of
Hispaniola (modern Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
Returned home carrying parrots, gold, spices, and Native American captives
Columbus Returns
1493, Columbus went back to conquer Hispaniola
The Taino saw these conquistadors and were frightened
The soldiers claimed the island for Spain
Spain Conquers Mexico
Many Spaniards came from the Extremadura seeking fortune
Hernan CortesHad a choice of being a priest, lawyer, or
soldier.Parents chose lawyer, he chose soldierTook part in 1511 invasion of CubaSmall pox took out much of Cuba
Cortes Invades Mexico Cortes met with Aztec emperor Montezuma II Cortes brought 550 soldiers, 16 horses, 14
canons, and a few dogsForced several to surrender due to an impressive
display of guns. A Mayan woman named Malintzin gave
Cortes information that would help him for alliances
Small pox would eventually kill more Aztec than Spanish swords.
Cortes Defeats the Aztecs Montezuma decided to ambush the Spanish and
killed 6000 people November 1519, Cortes captured the city of
Tenochtitlan and held Montezuma prisoner and ordered the Aztec to stop sacrificing people.
The Aztecs rebelled and Cortes and his men eventually fought their way out of the city.
Before Cortes could begin a second attack, smallpox broke out in Tenochtitlan.
June 1521, the Spanish destroyed the Aztec capital.
Pizarro Conquers the Inca 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa led a
group of Spanish through modern day Panama.
He was told if he went south along the western sea, he would find a golden city.
A jealous Spanish official falsely charged him with treason and he was beheaded.
Francisco Pizzarro took up the search.
Pizarro Conquers the Inca By the 1530s, the Inca thought they
ruled most of the world Could not defeat smallpox and did not
scare away PizarroHe raided Inca storehousesEmperor Atahualpa thought Pizarro was
crazy
Pizzaro Defeats the Inca
Spanish messengers invited Atahualpa to ameeting
Pizarro asked him to give up his gods When Atahualpa laughed in response,
Pizarro ordered an attack. Pizarro seized Atahualpa and drug him
off the battlefield. Atahualpa tried to buy his freedom. Pizarro was made governor of Peru.