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Transcript of Chapter 16 Power Point l
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Foundations in Microbiology
Chapter
16
PowerPoint to accompany
Fifth Edition
Talaro
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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Immunization and ImmuneAssays
Chapter 16
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Immunotherapy preformed Ab
Immune serum globulin (gamma globulin)contains immunoglobulin extracted from
the pooled blood of at least 1,000 humandonors
Treatment of choice for preventing measles,hepatitis A and replacing Ab in the immunedeficient
Lasts 2-3 months
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Immunotherapy preformed Ab
Specific immune globulin-prepared from
convalescent patients in a hyperimmune state
Contains high titer of specific Ab pertussis, tetanus, chickenpox, hepatitis B
sera produced in horses are available for
diphtheria, botulism, spider and snake bites act immediately & can protect patients for
whom no other useful medication exists
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Vaccines
Provide an antigenic stimulus that does not
cause disease but can produce long lasting,
protective immunity
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Serology
A science that attempts to detect signs of infection in apatients serum such as Ab for a specific microbe
Serological tests based on Abs specifically binding toAg.
Ag of known identity will react with Ab in an unknownserum sample.
Known Ab can be used to detect Ag in serum
Ag-Ab reactions are visible by clumps, precipitates,color changes or release of radioactivity.
The most effective tests have high specificity andsensitivity.
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Types of serological tests
1. Agglutination tests
2. Double diffusion precipitation tests
3. Immunoelectrophoresis
4. Western blot tests
5. Complement fixation tests6. Immunofluorescence testing
7. Immunoassays
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Types of serological tests
1. Agglutination tests Ab cross-links whole
cell Ag, forming complexes that settle out
and from visible clumps in the test chamberblood type, some bacterial & viral diseases
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2. Double diffusion precipitation tests
involve the diffusion of Ags and Abs in a
soft agar gel, forming zones of precipitationwhere they meet
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3. Immunoelectrophoresis migration of
serum proteins in gel is combined with
precipitation by Ab
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4. Western blot test separates Ag into bands.
After the gel is affixed to a blotter, it is
reacted with a test specimen and developedby radioactivity or with dyes
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5. Complement fixation tests detect lysins- Ab
that fix complement and can lyse target cells.
Involves mixing test Ag and Ab with
complement and then with sensitized sheep
RBCs.
If complement is fixed by the Ag-Ab, the RBCs
remain intact and the test is positive.
If RBCs are hemolyzed, specific Ab are lacking
and the test is negative.
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6. Immunofluorescence testing uses
fluorescent Ab either directly or indirectly
to visualize cells or cell aggregates thathave reacted with the FAbs
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7. Immunoassays are highly sensitive tests for
Ag and Ab.
Radioimmunoassay Ag or Abs are labeledwith radioactive isotopes and traced
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
can detect unknown Ag or Ab by direct orindirect means. A positive result is visualized
when a colored product is released by an
enzyme-substrate reaction.
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Tests can differentiate B cells from T cells
and their subtypes.