Matrilineal-children trace ancestors through their mothersAfrican trade routes-gold and salt trade for cloth, weapons and goods from EuropeMaghrib-the northern part of Africa that is Libya, Algeria and Morocco. Islam spread through this region.Kilwa-1331, Ibn Battuta visited. Admired how they lived, wealthy and rich. Grew rich b/c of trade from India. Good were sent to Kilwa and then sent out through Kilwa. Took by the Portuguese.Sofala-south of Kilway, built off of trade. Captured by Kilwa, then by Portuguese.Stateless societies-no central system of power.families organized in lineages. young people from close ties to individuals outside of their lineage through age-set system. To pass age-set group, mark life stages and have different duties.Hausa city-states-emerge in northern Nigeria. Ruled from the walls inside the city states, governed farming villages. Depending on crops and trade in salt, grain and cotton cloth. Linked West Africa to Mediterranean. Other cities-traded slaves. Rulers had power, ministers checked the power. Each city-state had an army and fought against one anotherSundiata-Malis first great leader. Became emperor, took Ghana and created peace and prosperity. Put administrators in charge of finances, defense and foreign affairs, promoted agriculture and reestablished the gold-salt tradeMali-built on trade of gold. Sundiata takes over then Mansa Musa. Timbuktu-attracted muslim judges, doctors, religious leaders and scholars. Attended mosques and universitiesIbn Battuta-traveler, visited without fear of crime. Muslim and preached the people for study of QuranIslam-spreads over Northwest part of Africa. Convert rulers to Islam, created government based on Islamic law and used religious scholars as government advisers. Had to follow the law, brought order. In the south, spread through trade. In the east, spread through trade. Quran-Almohads believed to strictly obey the teachings of it.Sahel-savanna region south of SaharaPortuguese-takes over East African city-states. Tries to take Mutapa, gets involved in their politics.Mutapa Empire-Mutota left Great Zimbabwe to find new source of salt. Found place to replace and creates empire. Conquered Zimbabwe and mined cold. Songhai-As Mali declines, Songhai rose in the east. Sunni Ali expanded by taking Timbuktu, Djenne. Son-not Muslim so Askia rebels and takes over. Creates tax system and chose able officials, appointed officials to serve as ministers. Weak in technology.Great Zimbabwe-thrived on gold. Settled by Shona, suited to farming and cattle. Was near gold and trade of Sofala. Controlled trade routes and taxed traders, demanded payments. Abandoned due to lack of agriculture.West African Empires-Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Hausa city-states, Yoruba, BeninEfe-hunter-gatherer society. Nomadic, women-gatherers, men-hunt. Older male-leader. Families-made own decisions, settled arguments through discussionPatrilineal-trace ancestors through fathers.Almohads/Almoravids- Almoravids came from Berber. Spread Islam through conquest. Almohads- Berbers seized power from Almoravids. Began as religious movement. Criticized Almoravids from moving away from the traditional practice of Islam, preached to follow Quran and Islamic law strictly. Ended Almoravids rule.Berbers- converted to Islam. Original inhabitants of North Africa.Marrakech-capital of Morocco and the Almoravids.Ghana-Settled by the Soninke people, taxed traders. In the city-traded gold and salt. Grew large to create an army, demanded taxes and gifts. Ruler was religious leader, chief judge and military commander.Mansa Musa-devout Muslim, divided it Mali into provinces. Ordered construction of mosques.Yoruba Empire-farmers. Kings served as religious and political leaders.Oyo-1600s became prosperous.Benin-Ewuare creates larger army to control area. Contained courtyards and art. Portuguese traded with Benin.Swahili-mixture of Arabic and Bantu languageBantu-migrated across Central Africa to East coast, created ports to thrive on trade.Raw Materials-leopard skins, tortoise shells, gold, ivoryGreat Enclosure-curivng wall.