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CHAPTER III REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...
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CHAPTER III
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
3.1 Studies on Factors Affecting Juvenile Delinquency
3.2 Studies on Behaviour Problems Shown by Juvenile
Delinquents
3.3 Studies on Juvenile Delinquents and Correctional
Institutions
3.4 Studies on Comparison of Delinquents and Non-delinquents
3.5 Studies in General
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
53
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Review of related literature is the basis of any type of research
work. It enables the researcher to know the means of getting to the
frontiers in the field of his research. Related literature is a valuable
guide in defining the problem, recognizing its significance,
suggesting, promoting data gathering devices and selecting
appropriate study design and sources of data. It tells the researcher
what has been done and what needs to be done. The review of related
literature promotes greater understanding of the problem and its
crucial aspects and ensures the avoidance of unnecessary
duplication. According to Best (1959) “practically all human
knowledge can be found in books and libraries. Unlike other animals
they must start a new with each generation, man builds up on the
accumulated and recorded knowledge of the past.” In the field of
education, the research worker needs to acquire up-to-date
information about what has been thought and done in the particular
area from which he intends to take up a problem for research
This chapter consists of review of related literature as well as
related studies. The studies collected by the investigator concerning
the problem selected are classified into
(a) Studies on factors affecting juvenile delinquency
(b) Studies on behaviour problems shown by juvenile delinquents
(c) Studies on juvenile delinquents and correctional institutions
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
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(d)The Studies on comparison of delinquents and non delinquents
and
(e) Studies in general.
3.I Studies on Factors Affecting Juvenile Delinquency
Head (1949) study showed that the high-class pupils are
socially accepted in the school situation, for they manifest, both in
speech and in action; behaviour acceptable to teachers. According to
them the social behaviour of children is related functionally to the
position their families occupy in social structure of the community.
He emphasized the importance of environment in behaviour
problems.
Burt (1949) found that 60% of the delinquent children come
from broken homes. Over-strictness and excessive punishment
imposed by parents produce antisocial traits in them.
Glueck’s (1950) study indicates that most of the delinquents
are from broken home conditions where such early training towards
the future is lacking. Most of the time, the delinquents are under
the control of personnel from correctional institutions and they are
in a punitive environment.
Fry (1952) noted that delinquents have some reasons for
their greater and longer period of frustration, anger and resentment
towards a source other than themselves.
Acchorn (1955) indicates that environment function as the
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
55
precipitating force for the cause of delinquency.
Eyesenck (1957, 1967, 1970) speak about genetically
inherited- characteristics of nervous system as mainly responsible
for the criminal behaviour and seeks to explain individual behaviour
in terms of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism.
Shanmugam and Sundari (1960) examined the personality
make up of delinquents by employing Eysenck’s classification of
personality.
Gibbsons (1961) points out that during adolescence, the boy
who identified with his mother, tend to be rebellious and engages in
committing offences.
Barker and Adams (1962) found significant differences
between girl offenders and boy offenders. According to them girls
expressed their anger in a direct manner.
Muthya and Bhaskaran (1964) have proved that delinquents
have low home adjustment.
According to Gregory (1965) the highest rate of delinquency
was found among those boys who were living only with their
mothers.
Konopka (1966) reflect the delinquent girls loneliness as well
as their overt and covert reactions against loneliness. They have
strong desire for travel and adventure which may well be another
way out of their loneliness and boredom. A few other girls suffered a
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
56
sense of guilt and as a result, developed a low self-concept.
Biller (1971) found that the mother’s interpretation of father,
whether he is present or absent, has an influence on the personality
development of children especially of boys.
Lemert (1972) explained how official labelling by society
might produce an increase in deviant behaviour, because the
individual’s self-concept (a psychological construct) was changed by
interaction with agents of social control (a social psychological
process) and by the stigmatization of societal labelling.
According to Copel (1973) crime, immorality and antisocial
behaviour of all sorts flourish in the slums, seems to suggest that a
substandard economic setting is the major contribution of juvenile
delinquency.
Gupta (1974) found that emotionally delinquent adolescents
are unstable and impulsive and are anxiety ridden in their
personality pattern. They showed great interest in sex and had
pessimistic out look towards life.
Patterson et al (1975) reported that aggressive children in
addition to having more difficulty with peers, tended to have greater
difficulty in mastering academic skills, learned at a slower pace, and
did not spontaneously improve without specific intervention.
Das (1975) conducted an investigation to identify the
causative factors of delinquency.
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
57
West and Farrington (1977) reported that the most common
delinquency acts (thefts, burglaries and taking vehicles) were
associated with more marginal deviant activities such as heavy
driving, heavy gambling, reckless drinking and sexual promiscuity.
Glaser’s (1978) observation is that the delinquent doesn’t
attach much meaning to success and failure even his risky anti-
social activities. It appears that he gets more success and few
failures in his delinquent career according to his perception.
Bowlby and Bender (1978) emphasized that any severe
disturbance of parent-child relationship in infancy is bound to effect
the personality development and this may lead to delinquency.
Farrington (1979) noted that the likelihood of any act
depends on the rewards and punishments for that act in the
environment. The reinforcement system in an institution was likely
to be different from that in the outside world.
According to Hirschi (1979) the strength and quality of the
parent-child relationship is a principal factor in explaining the
occurrence of delinquent behaviour.
Shanmugam (1980) attempted to investigate a number of
psychological and social factors associated with delinquency. The
results showed that the psychological factors such as extraversion,
neuroticism, creativity, intelligence, social factors, educational level,
birth orders, etc are contributory to juvenile delinquency.
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
58
Wilson (1980) found that lack of parental supervision of
younger teenagers is associated with delinquency.
Shankar’s (1984) study is to investigate the influence of
differences in socio-economic status, intelligence, and environment
on delinquent behaviour students.
Caixeta and Salomao (1985) analyzed data collected on the
social and psycho biocriminogenic tendencies, schooling, family life
socio-economic status, psychopathology and criminal actions of 110
female juvenile delinquents. All of them belonged to low social and
economic strata, and most had family problems. About 33%
exhibited psychopathic symptoms and had varying degrees of
mental deficiency.
Ram (1986) studied cognitive style in father absent juvenile
delinquents. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship
between father absence and cognitive style among delinquents.
Madhumathi (1988) sought to identify personality correlates
of crime-prove behaviour. The subjects were seen to be reserved,
assertive tender minded, imaginative, showed experimenting, self-
sufficient and tense.
Jefferson (1989) examines the effects of delinquent
personality dimensions and sensation seeking in self-reported
delinquent behaviour in a sample of high school students.
Parvathi (1989) administered FVS to 30 families of alcoholic
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59
and compared the results with a control group of 30 non-alcoholic
families.
Foley (1991) concludes that the family background,
educational variables, use of drugs and alcohols are the important
factors of juvenile delinquency.
Marvin (1991) reveals the influence of stepfamilies, adoptive
families, and foster homes on the evolution of delinquent behaviour.
Kalpana (1991) studied families of female delinquents, from
the institution where the samples for the present study is drawn.
She concluded that these families of female delinquents have certain
peculiar characteristics, like poor parent child relationship.
Damphousse (1992) studied common explanations for
juvenile involvement in Satanism and suggests that Satanism may
emerge from unique and common factors.
Tygart (1992) investigates the relationship between family
social status and crime or delinquency committed by the students
in a school context. Acts of school delinquency are related to school
attendance, sex and age.
Hatzichristou (1993) compared Greek individuals identified
as engaging in delinquent behaviour who had either been altered in
childhood or not maltreated. Perceived parental abuse or
psychological neglect were associated with various family and social
characteristics as well as specific Greek societal and cultural
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
60
factors.
Peterson (1994) studied the effect of racial, ethnic, and
cultural factors on the process of identifying and serving students
with emotional or behavioural disorders.
Preino and Peyrot (1994) investigated the effect of neglected
children on aggressive, withdrawn, and pro social behaviour.
Bischof (1995) compared the family environments of
adolescent sex offenders and violent and nonviolent juvenile
delinquents. No differences were found among three categories of
juvenile delinquents.
Daley (1995) reveals that the juvenile offenders share a
number of characteristics such as single-parent households headed
by the mother, siblings or parents who have been involved in the
legal system, the use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana at an
early age; a friend who sells drugs; high rates of suspension and
expulsion, no aspiration for higher education, early sexual activity,
and weapons ownership.
Jarveline (1995) found that 6% males acquired a criminal
record between 15 and 22 years. A higher than average delinquency
rate was found among those with lower socio-economic status
especially when combined with low intelligence. Family social
problems had a greater predisposing effect for delinquent behaviour
than mental disability.
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
61
Paul and Arrubarreua (1995) investigated behaviour
problems in school going physically abused, neglected and non-
maltreated children.
Nick and Lauren (1996) found out that demographic shifts
increases child abuse and neglect, juvenile delinquency, crime and
violence.
David (1996) analysed the predictive validity of a
hypothesized model of 5 factors associated with the development of
juvenile delinquency evaluated with 68 children (age 6-11), who had
been referred for delinquent behaviour. Analysis reveals that about
31% variance shows delinquent behaviour.
Garry (1996) reveals that truancy may lead to dropping out of
school, may be a precursor to delinquent and criminal activity, and
places students at higher risk of being drawn in to behaviours
involving drugs, alcohol, or violence.
James (1996) has studied the influence of family
configuration of children with behaviour disorders.
Arnold (1996) found out the attitude changes of a group of
abnormal psychology students following a tour of a juvenile
correctional facility and a presentation by four of the inmates. A 25-
item semantic differential scale revealed a noticeable improvement
in the student’s attitudes towards juvenile delinquents after the
visit.
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Muralidas (1996) conducted a study of fear among boys
residing at juvenile homes. The study was mainly intended to find
out the relationship between various fear factors of inmates of
Balamandir.
Howells (1997) study explored youth violence and juvenile
justice system in United States.
Priscilla (1998) studied the effect of self-esteem training on
certain psychological variables of neglected institutionalized
adolescent girls.
Jalaja (1999) found that there is significant between family
background and delinquent behaviour. Most of the delinquents
belongs to low socio-economic statra and the inmates shows a high
aspiration about life and they possess an average level of
intelligence.
Alvardo, and Kumpfer, (2000) studied improving parenting
practices and found that the family environment is the most effective,
enduring strategy for combating juvenile delinquency.
Xiaoming, (2000) explores how the Chinese government
responded to the so called “juvenile delinquency wave” through
comprehensive strategies focused on early social - educational
intervention, work-study school, and juvenile reformatory, concludes
that Chinese approaches to delinquency may be effective even if they
have limitations.
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The major objectives of the study made by Becker (2004)
were to investigate relationship among family risk factors,
childhood fire setting and animal cruelty and adolescent
delinquency. The finding indicate that family variables increases
the likelihood of childhood fire setting and animal cruelty and that
these behaviours are related to adolescent delinquency.
Piquero (2005) study indicates that gender is one of the
strongest correlates of Juvenile Delinquency.
Roslyn (2006), examined the relationship between parental
monitoring, self-esteem, and delinquency among 95 adjudicated
Mexican American male adolescents who are on probationary status
with the juvenile justice system. Findings revealed that parental
monitoring was negatively associated with delinquency, and self
esteem positively correlated with delinquency.
Richard (2006) studied drug involvement to psychosocial
functioning among youth entering a juvenile arbitration programme.
The results indicate that drug involvement is a significant issue
among the youth studied, and is related to functioning problems in a
number of key areas of their lives.
Hehen, (2006) examined the relations among neighbourhood
structural and social characteristics, parenting practices, peer group
affiliations, and delinquency among a group of serious adolescent
offenders. The results indicate that weak neighbourhood and social
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
64
organization is indirectly related to delinquency through its
association with parenting behaviour and peer deviance.
3.2 Studies on Behaviour Problems Shown by Juvenile
Delinquents
Haggerty (1925) has supported the incidence of behaviour
problems of elementary school children. He found that four most
frequent behaviour difficulties were lack of interest on schoolwork,
cheating, unnecessary tiredness and lying.
Mansey (1971) has stated that delinquent is a kind of abnormality
in which the delinquent images the others to be hostile and becomes
hostile to others.
Geleered (1975) has indicated the survival value and social utility
function of aggressive behaviour. He suggests that behaviour problem
should be viewed against the total background or setting in which they
occur. Both the positive and negative aspects of behaviour problem are
taken in to account.
Sethi (1976) made a psycho-social study of delinquents with
special references to aggression. He examined the direction of
aggression in fifty-two delinquents between the ages of 11 years and 18
years. The aggressive delinquents were found to be more extra punitive
and hostile in comparison with the non-aggressive delinquents who are
intropunitive.
Kazdin et al (1987) used the term “anti-social behaviour” to
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
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describe children who commit aggressive acts, steal, lie and engage in
other activities that are major social violations. Further, antisocial
children show serious dysfunctions in their interactions in and outside
home.
Hellier (1991) etiological research on the families of behaviour
disordered children suggest that an interaction of the parent and child
characteristics play a significant role in the development of child
behaviour problems.
Joseph (1995) compared the involvement of black males and
females in delinquency and examined the explanatory value of
variables drawn from three traditional theories of delinquency (social
control, structural strain, and differential association) for
understanding delinquency among blacks. Results show that only two
variables, attachment to school and delinquent companions, were
successful in explaining delinquent behaviour in this group.
David (1995) suggests the use of multi systematic therapy as a
cost- effective programme for reducing juvenile anti-social behaviour.
Ravindran and Zakkariya (1996) identified the deviant behaviour
in relation to the need and press. Their major suggestions were:- The
families of children with severe behaviour disorders and mild behaviour
disorders differ significantly. Hence the factors influencing should be
changed in a progressive direction to gain good communication clarity,
role performance and leadership.
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
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Jeglum (1997) distinguished two main categories of anti-social
behaviour, ‘Life–Course persistent group’ (LCP) – where anti-social
behaviour starts in early life and adolescent limited group (AL), in
which anti-social behaviour sets off during adolescence and remains
restricted to this period. The LCP group reflects a pattern of conduct
problems that starts at preschool age where oppositional and defiant
behaviour, increasing steadily over time and finally resulting in several
conduct problems during early adolescence.
Shreyas (2002) found the conduct disorders were more prevalent
among tribal children than non-tribal children. The percentage of
conduct disorder problem were more in boys than girls.
Steinberg et al. (2006) correlates the authoritative,
authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful parenting and examined a
serious of criminal offences. The sample is composed primarily of poor,
ethnic-minority youth living in urban neighbourhood.
3.3 Studies on Juvenile Delinquents and Correctional
Institutions
Mukherjee (1965) found that only one third of institutionalized
delinquents come from unbroken home setting.
Lalithamma (1966) attempted to study the personality
patterns of twenty-six institutionalized delinquents through the
Raven’s controlled Projection Test and the Drawn-a-person test. They
were found to be immature, evasive, dependant, self-centered,
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
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lacking in affection and worried about personal inadequacies and
unpleasant happenings.
Kassebaum (1971) studied the institutional therapies and
found no effect on recidivism.
Concord (1972) studied the perception of juvenile delinquents
in correctional Institutions. He reports that delinquents seem to be
particularly hostile to authorities who are probably perceived as
parent substitutes. The authority seems to stand in the way of
realizing their satisfaction. This creates an under current hostility.
The presence of the authority symbol becomes a barrier between the
delinquent and his goals.
The major objectives of the study done by Kumari (1985) on
the inmates of correctional institution were
1. To find out the factors responsible for juvenile delinquency and
their analysis
2. Evaluate correctional measures followed in the correctional
Institutions
3. Offer suggestions regarding policies and programmes being
followed in correctional Institutions.
The major findings of the study were: The majority of the
delinquents were adolescents, more delinquency cases from the
uneducated class.
Coffey and Genignani (1994) reveals that education can and
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must play a greater role in the lives of delinquents. It reduces crime,
gang membership, hopelessness, and death. If correctional education
play a more significant role leading to greater positive results, it
needs to be thoroughly reformed perhaps re-invested.
Sivaprasad (2003) conducted a study about the intervention
programmes implemented in the juvenile homes in Kerala and found
that they are effective only to a certain extent.
Watson (2004) find out systematic methods to assess the
course and incidence of treatment across Juvenile Systems in the
early stage.
David (2005) supported a school-wide behavioural support
(PBS) emphasizes the importance of using procative strategies for
defining, teaching, and supporting appropriate student behaviours.
Positive behaviour support is increasingly being used to create
positive school environment. While numerous public schools have
successfully adopted a PBS model. The purpos of this study was to
provide data on the implementation of PBS in a juvenile justice
setting.
Timmons et al. (2006) examined the effectiveness of an
evidence-based practice, multi systematic therapy, conducted in a
real world mental health setting with Juvenile Justice involved Youth
and their families.
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
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Ashley and Eric (2006) study the influence of pretreatment
and treatment factors on treatment retention among a multi-ethnic
simple of adolescents, the potential difference influence of pre-
treatment and treatment factors on treatment retention with each
ethnic group.
3.4 Studies on Comparison of Deliquents and Non-Delinquents
Gattling (1950) compared delinquents and normals in a given
situation by using Rozenweig’s classification system (extra punitive –
intra punitive) which consisted of jig saw type of puzzles. The results
reveal that the delinquents are characterized by a tendency to
evaluate the source of frustration on their way to attainment of goals
as external and to direct hostility out ward (extra punitive), where as
normals are blaming themselves for the non- attainment of solution
for their failure.
Mitchell (1957) studied the aspiration level of negro
delinquents, dependents and public school boys. The results reveal
that the aspiration height of the delinquents are significantly lower
than dependents and public school boys.
Reckless et. al. (1957) when distinguishing the potential
delinquent from the non-delinquent have stressed that the
appropriate concept of self is the basic component that steers the
person away from or towards delinquency.
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Barker and Adams (1962) found significant differences
between girl offenders and boy offenders. According to them girls
expressed their anger in a direct manner.
Shanmugam and Govindarajan (1967) show that the
delinquents have low level of aspiration and low level of achievement.
Vedder and Somerville (1970) compared female delinquency
with male delinquency. Male delinquency is largely dealt with
stealing, assault and robbery. Female delinquency is largely sexual
delinquency and running away. The juvenile male delinquent tends to
hurt others, while the female delinquent tends to hurt herself.
Further the dependency needs of the girls are much greater than boys
and the process of adjudication is often more traumatic.
Bandura and Walters (1977) in their study of comparing
delinquent boys with non-delinquent boys found that parents of
delinquents boys show rejection and lack of affection. The fathers of
delinquent boys used harsh physical punishment and ridicule to
discipline their offsprings.
Shanmughan (1980) conducted an investigation into the
psychological factors underlying juvenile delinquency. The sample
consisted of 150 institutionalized delinquents and 150 non-
delinquents studying in corporation schools of Madras.
Sahney (1984) conducted a study on the relationship between
delinquents and non-delinquents in personality adjustment. The
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major objectives of the study were:-
(1) To find out difference between delinquent and non-
delinquent boys in relation to psycholicism, extroversion and
introversion.
(2) To find out the extent to which the delinquents
differed from non-delinquents in respect of personality
characteristics.
Giordano (1986) examined characteristics of the friendships of
male and female adolescents, both black and white who varied in the
extent of their involvement in delinquent behaviour. Delinquents were
more inclined to self-disclosure and reported higher levels of conflicts
with friends.
Emler and Richer (1987) examined the degree of group
involvement in delinquency among 189 male and 141 female 13-
16years old. Among boys although there was wide variation in the
degree to which particular type of offences were committed alone or in
the company of others, there was no general category of offences that
was pre dominantly solitary. No individuals always offended alone. A
comparison of boys and girls were more even likely than boys to
commit offences in the company of others.
Kabur (1987) concluded that juvenile delinquents and non-
delinquents did not differ significantly in emotional adjustment, and
total adjustment. But juvenile delinquents and non-delinquent
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
72
differed significantly in personality factors. Juvenile delinquents were
less intelligent and had less ability to handle abstract problems. They
were less controlled, tender minded, sensitive, dependent and
overprotected.
Venkatesha (1988) chose to compare delinquents and non-
delinquents in relation to intellectual level, reaction to frustration,
family size and education. Delinquency was clearly associated with
lower intelligence and larger family size and not with other factors.
Kalpana (1991) studied families of female delinquents, from the
institution where the samples for the present study is drawn. She
concluded the families of female delinquents have certain peculiar
characteristics, like poor parent child relationship.
Diaz- (1994) revealed that the delinquents scored higher than
non delinquents on factors of dogmatism, neuroticism, and criminal
propensity and lower than non delinquents on intelligence.
Neuroticism was the best predictor of delinquency for females.
Donni (1996) studied juvenile crime and victimization before
passing a curfew ordinance, and each of them applied a unique and
innovative approach to addressing both juvenile crime and youth
victimization through a curfew. Each programme includes one or
more of a set of common elements that include curfew centres,
interventions and referrals, procedures for repeat offenders,
recreation and job programmes, antidrug and antiaging programme
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
73
and hotlines for and follow up services and crisis interventions.
Grietens et al (2003) compared attitude towards social limits
among adolescents detained of criminal offence and non-detained
adolescents. Findings indicated significant differences between
groupes in knowledge of behavioural alterative and behavioral
intentions
Atkins et al. (2005) studied the programmes involved in the
Juvenile Justice System. The programmes and participants were
purposefully selected to delineate coveraging and diverging
activities.
3.5 Studies in General
Healy and Bornner’s (1936) study showed that 91% of the
delinquents have clear evidence of being emotionally diverse
character.
Mill man (1966) found out that delinquents are to be more
neurotic and have greater tendency to lie.
Hamid (1972) conducted a study on ‘Aetiology’ and patterns
of delinquency among Indian children”. The study was intended to
explore two aspects of delinquency.
1. Aetiology of delinquency with reference to psychological
(environmental) conditions.
2. Personality characteristic of delinquents that would
supposedly differentiate from non-delinquents.
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
74
According to Mirchandani (1974) the delinquents were
emotionally disturbed and they lacked self-sufficiency and depended
on others for encouragement and advice.
The major findings of the study made by Reddy (1979) were
1. Literacy was less among the delinquent children.
2. Delinquents went to school at the late age and changed their
school frequently
3. They came from crowded families
4. The literacy rate of their parents was low
5. Delinquents were extroverts and psychotics and scored higher
on criminal propensity
6. They were represented in high or low IQ groups
7. Most of them have a history of parental delinquency and
parental alcoholism
8. They had poor home conditions and poor family atmosphere
9. They had poor school records
10. Parental supervision was poor
11. The majority of them did not have health and neurological
problems
12. The majority of them were confident of managing themselves.
Raja (1983) made an enquiry in to the conditions leading to
juvenile delinquency and examined whther the existing preventive
measures were effective and adequate to reform the juveniles.
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
75
Selby (1985) advocated youth advocate programme (YAP) and
Community based delinquency treatment programme in Ohio.
Macdonald (1985) examined the familiar of juvenile justice
reforms.
Tais’s (1989) results show that some types of maltreatment
correlate positively with some types of delinquency.
Manzella (1991) tried to improve the basic literacy skills of
juvenile delinquents in a country jail by using relevant experiences
as the basis of learning.
Jackson (1992) examined drug use patterns among
incarcerated African juvenile delinquents and found that 90% of
participants had used some illicit mood altering substance, between
30 % and 46% reported daily use, and average age at initial use was
approximately 2 years. Alcohol use tended to precede by about five
months use of other illicit substances.
Annamma (1999) in her study concludes that there is
educational and vocational needs and problem among Juvenile
delinquents.
Lenssen, et al. (2000) discusses differences between male
and female juvenile delinquency from a behavioural and psychiatric
perspective. Causative factors associated with the development of
female juvenile delinquents include early sexual development, the
relations between behaviour and psychiatric diagnosis; the role of
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
76
the risk behaviours; intelligence level; and the reasons for placing
girls in detention centers.
Nessel (2001) observed the Youth for Justice, uses the power
of active learning to teach youth practical information about the
law. This unique initiative is a law-related education (LRE)
programme supported by the United States.
Wong (2001) examines the rising juvenile and youth crime in
China and recent development of Juvenile Justice; and suggested
the current delinquency control and Juvenile Justice should
gradually move toward adoption of just restorative approach.
Span (2002) identifies some of the earliest known examples of
Juvenile Justice for African, American Juvenile Delinquents in 19th
century, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and raising
questions about the quality and type of rehabilitation.
Tyson (2002) examined lay explanations for Juvenile
Delinquency given by Australian Adolescence from either collectivist
or individualist cultural backgrounds. Student surveys indicated
that after controlling for socio-economic and demographic variables,
there were small differences between groups, with individualistic
teens tending to emphasize more personal explanations.
Hinton et al. (2003) examines factors contributing to
delinquency and elements of effective approaches for treating
delinquency.
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
77
Donald (2003) analyzed delinquency referrals to family courts
in Hawaii to examine ethnic disparity in Juvenile Court processing.
Although the ethnic effects diminished when additional extra legal
and legal factors were included.
Conclusion The findings of the studies referred to above are the
representative of the studies such as factors influencing Juvenile
Delinquency, behaviour problems shown by Juvenile Delinquents,
Juvenile Delinquents and correctional institutions, comparison of
delinquents and non-delinquents, and studies in general. But the
forgoing studies which show close affinity to the present study, are
the studies related to Juvenile Delinquents and correctional
institution. This was the major inspiration and great help for the
Investigator. Related literature helped the Investigator in determining
the objectives, selecting the methods for the collection of data, and in
fixing the statistical techniques. Thus it is said “the review of the
related literature is a forerunner for the research worker and shows
the way through which the newcomer should proceed” (Good and
Scates, 1954).
Chapter III Review of Related Literature
78
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3. Amelia Diaz (1994). The Role of Gender in Juvenile
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4. Annamma Mathew (1999). A Study of educational and
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Kerala and development of guidance profile for rehabilitation.
Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Kerala.
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