Chapter 15 – Politics, Religion, and War

Agenda:1.Go over test2.Discuss reading

HW: Outline – Discovery, Reconnaissance, and Expansion (p. 502 – 508); Listening to the Past: Christopher Columbus (p. 526 – 527); REVIEW Thirty Years War

FRANCE

Catherine de Medici

•Family from Florence, Italy•Valois Dynasty- ruled since 1328•Wife of Henry II

–Regent for sons (ruled in their name)

–Ruled because sons too young / incompetent (Charles IX, Henry III)

Religious Conflict •Early 16th century = religious

tolerance•Calvinist minority

(Huguenots) v Catholics (monarchs)

•Towns divided- attacks on people and churches

Religious Conflict•House of Bourbon v. House of

Guise– (Protestant nobles v. Catholic nobles)

–Both wanted to overthrow Valois monarchy and start new dynasty

–1562-1589- 9 civil wars between these groups

St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (aka the Red Wedding)• Aug, 22, 1572 Attempted assassination

Coligny (Protestant, advisor of King Charles IX)politics– Rising power of Protestants– Catherine behind Guise plot

• Catherine feared son’s response and Huguenots reaction

• Convinced son of Huguenot coup– Swift execution of Protestants save Paris

Charles IX’s Response

“But then you must kill all the Huguenots in France so that none shall be left to reproach me. Kill them all! Kill them

all!”

Henry III• Last Valois king• 15 year rule- During civil war (“War of

the three Henrys)• Nobles convert to Protestantism to

weaken Catholic king– Politiques- strong monarchy, religious

tolerance (moderates of both faiths)• Appeared Guise might take throne• Philip II backed Guise and to take Paris• Henry III had Duke of Guise murdered

Henry IV of

Navarre

Henry IV• Heir (from medieval King (St.) Louis

IX)–House of Bourbon (Huguenots)–First Bourbon King – support of Protestants and Catholic politiques

–9 years of fighting to gain crown• Decisive, fearless, clever politician • No support from Catholics in Paris • 1593 Henry converts (for country)

Henry IV• “Paris is worth a mass” • 1598 Edict of Nantes- Huguenots

could practice in peace– 1st great act of tolerance– Church in every town but Paris– Toleration officially recognized by ruler– Huguenots make strongholds– Will lead to Henry’s death (1610)

Chapter 15 – Politics, Religion, and War

Agenda:1.Finish discussion from yesterday2.POV practice

HW: Outline – Later Explorers (p.509 – 512)

Henry Rebuilds• Henry wanted to restore France’s

prosperity/economy– Welfare of commoners- “…every

peasant will have a chicken in the pot on Sunday.”• Never accomplished this• Knew of peasant’s hard life

– Economic advisors- Duke of Sully helped with finances

– No more Spanish invasions

SPAIN

Philip II background• 16th century (1556-1598)• Trade and Expansion• Champion of Catholicism• Charles V gives him Spain

The Battle of Lepanto• Philip organized united force of

Spanish, Genovese, and Venetians to fight Turks– Pope had urged action

• Turkish naval force defeated at Lepanto, October 1571

• Last great Spanish naval victory• Turkish power in Mediterranean

weakened

Philip’s Empire • Spain• Duchy of Milan• Kingdom of Naples• Netherlands• Portugal (land seized when king

dies without heir)– Portuguese land in Africa, India,

East Indies

The Empire of Philip IIThe Empire of Philip II

Wealth and Power Grow•Military expanded

–Late 1500’s- strongest and largest military in Europe

•Escorial- became center of Spanish empire–Functions- palace and monastery–Massive fort, castle, conservative, power

el Escorial

el Escorial

Revolt in the Netherlands 1568-1648 (a.k.a. The Eighty Years’ War)

Habsburg History• Charles V (1515-1556)

– Born in Ghent, Belgium in 1500; inherits Low Countries 1515

– Seen as one of their own

• Philip II inherits 1556 – but he is SPANISH! and CATHOLIC! therefore resented– Calvinism strong in Netherlands– Philip – great defender of Catholic faith -

tries to root out Calvinism by force (Spanish Inquisition & Spanish troops)

1566 Dutch Sea Beggars attack Catholic Church

•Spanish Response:–20,000 soldiers sent in –Heretics killed (1568- 1,500 in one day)

–Stamp out Protestantism–1568-1578 war broke out between Protestant Dutch and Catholic Spaniards

• Calvinist Dutch privateers, known the Sea Beggars, assault the port of Brill in April 1572 during the Netherlands revolt against Spanish domination. The Sea Beggars, who used their shallow draft boats to effectively control important waterways, were a significant factor in the success of the Dutch Revolt.

• "Dutch Revolt." Image. Hulton Archive. World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2010. Web. 12 Sept. 2010. <http://worldhistory.abc-clio.com/>

Dutch Revolt• Philip makes his sister Margaret,

regent – Cardinal Granvelle, head councilor – But Calvinists angry and attack

Antwerp: churches, libraries, statues, altars destroyed

• William of Orange (“the Silent”) & Count of Egmont– (German – but has estates in

Netherlands) – organizes Calvinist province leaders against Spanish; war at sea (Dutch, Danes, Scots & English)

Duke of Alba – Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, duke

of Alba, who was appointed captain-general of the Netherlands

The Duke of Alba presiding over the Council of Troubles

Unity broken• Alex Farnese, Duke of Parma

(Margaret’s son) to break unity in 1579– William of Orange and friends hold 7

northern provinces –establish the Union of Utrecht, deny Spanish control

– Southern provinces form Catholic union, Union of Arras, and accept Spanish control

• Dutch Declaration of Independence (1581) – French duke of Alençon (deposed in

1583)• July 1584, William of Orange

assassinated– Maurice aided by England and France

“New Church” Delft, Netherlands

The End…• 1579 Dutch gain ground• 1581 United Provinces of Netherlands

becomes independent– William wanted state of religious

tolerance• South Netherlands remains Catholic

under Spanish control• 1600’s- only European country that

accepted all religions (Jews move in)

1558 Elizabeth becomes Queen

• Elizabeth (Protestant) • Spain worried about power of

Catholic France• Philip hoped to marry Elizabeth

(brother-in-law)• Elizabeth delayed possibility of

marriage to gain diplomatic advantages– She had no intention of marrying him

Fall of Philip II in the Netherlands

• How did Philip II undermine his own ability to re-take the Netherlands in the 1580s?

• Elizabeth I, Queen of England – dilemma: – either help Protestants thereby antagonizing

Philip– or not help, but Spain might invade England

if they gain Netherlands – so she helps the Dutch secretly – then openly

and in 1588 she defeats the Spanish Armada in the English Channel

Sea Dogs• Elizabeth encourages Sea Dogs

to raid Spanish treasure fleets coming from Americas

• Most famous- Sir Francis Drake – 1st to sail around world since

Magellan– Most popular common man

Defeat of Spanish Armada• Philip orders fleet to attack

England• Causes: Spain angered

– Drake knighted– English helped Dutch Protestants

revolt against them– Order to execute Mary

• Philip gathers largest attack force- Invincible Armada

The Plan•Attack ship carrying troops

returning from Netherlands •Then move to invade England•July 29, 1588 Spanish Armada

sighted off English coast –England leaves to meet them

The Strategies• Spain- tight formation, closer

range battle– Short range canons

• England- knew of Spain’s tactics – Fast moving ships– Long range canons

• After 2 weeks- indecisive battles, Spain kept moving up English coast

The Battle Continues… • English send 8 unmanned fire ships

– Spanish panicked and headed toward open water breaking formation

– England moved in on disorganized Spanish (15 captured)

– Storm hits- Spanish commander abandons mission

– 67 of 130 ships return to Spain

Significance of Defeat• Decline of Spain’s political power• Europe saw battle as Catholics v.

Protestants– Catholic Reformation suffers set

back

• England’s power increased– Free to develop overseas empire– Elizabethan Age began

The Netherlands . . . after the

revolt 1609 revolt ends – Union of Utrecht becomes “United Provinces” (aka Dutch Republic) but do not gain independence from Spain until 1648 with the Treaty of Westphalia (end of 30 Years’ War)