Chapter 15: Bureaucracy "Bureaucracy is the death of any achievement... " ~Einstein.
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Transcript of Chapter 15: Bureaucracy "Bureaucracy is the death of any achievement... " ~Einstein.
![Page 1: Chapter 15: Bureaucracy "Bureaucracy is the death of any achievement... " ~Einstein.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649dc05503460f94ab48bf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 15: Bureaucracy"Bureaucracy is
the death of any achievement... "
~Einstein
![Page 2: Chapter 15: Bureaucracy "Bureaucracy is the death of any achievement... " ~Einstein.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649dc05503460f94ab48bf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
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The United States Bureaucracy
● Bureaucracy: a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials
● Political authority over the bureaucracy is shared by President and Congress, but does had discretionary authority
● Federal agencies share functions with related state and local government agencies (Picket Fence Federalism)
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Recruitment and Retention
● Competitive service: bureaucrats compete for jobs through Office of Personnel Management (OPM)o http://www.opm.gov/
● Appointment by merit based on written exam or through selection criteriao has begun to be phased out (merit based)
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Recruitment and Retention
● Competitive service system has become more decentralized, less reliant on OPM referral
● Excepted service: bureaucrats appointed by agencies, typically in a nonpartisan fashion
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Firing a Bureaucrat
● Most bureaucrats cannot be easily fired● The Senior Executive Service (SES) was
established to provide the president and cabinet with more control in personnel decisions
● But very few SES members have actually been fired
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Proxy Government● Washington pays state and local gov and
private groups to staff and administer federal programso Ex: Social Security, Medicare, militaryo One company was paid $7.2 bill to get food and
supplies to our troops in Iraq.
● Critics: system does not keep track of how the money is used
● Defenders: system produces more flexibility, defends idea of federalism
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Regulatory Federal Agencies
● Agencies, like the FDA, EPA, OSHA and at least 50 others, are called "regulatory" agencies, because they are empowered to create and enforce rules - regulations - that carry the full force of a law.
● Individuals, businesses, and private and public organizations can be fined, sanctioned, forced to close, and even jailed for violating federal regulations.
![Page 12: Chapter 15: Bureaucracy "Bureaucracy is the death of any achievement... " ~Einstein.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081421/56649dc05503460f94ab48bf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
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The Federal Rulemaking Process● First : Congress passes a law designed to address a social or
economic need or problem● Second : The appropriate regulatory agency then creates
regulations necessary to implement the law. o example, the Food and Drug Administration creates its
regulations under the authority of the Food Drug and Cosmetics Act, the Controlled Substances Act and other acts
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Growth of the Bureaucracy
● Patronage in the 19th and early 20th centuries rewarded supporters, induced congressional support, and built party organizations
● The Civil War showed the administrative weakness of the federal government and increased demands for civil service reform
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Growth of the Bureaucracy
● The post-Civil War period saw industrialization and the emergence of a national economy
● The power of national government to regulate interstate commerce became necessary and controversial
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Expansion of the Bureaucracy
● The Depression and World War II led to government activism
● The Supreme Court upheld laws that granted discretion to administrative agencies
● Heavy use of income taxes supported war effort and a large bureaucracy
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The Impact of 9/11
● 9/11 attacks could also affect the bureaucracy as profoundly as WWII and the Depression
● A new cabinet agency (Department of Homeland Security) was created
● Intelligence-gathering activities were consolidated under a National Intelligence Director
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Growth of the Bureaucracy Today
● Modest increase in the number of government employees
● Significant indirect increase in number of employees through use of private contractors, state and local government employees
● Growth in discretionary authority
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Carrying Out Policy
● Most bureaucrats try to carry out policy, even those they disagree with
● But bureaucrats do have obstructive powers—Whistleblower Protection Act (1989)
● Most civil servants have highly structured jobs that make their personal attitudes irrelevant
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Constraints on the Bureaucracy
● Constraints are much greater on government agencies than on private bureaucracies
● Hiring, firing, pay, and other procedures are established by law, not by the market
● Constraints come from citizens: agencies try to respond to citizen demands for openness, honesty, and fairness
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Agency Allies
● Agencies often seek alliances with congressional committees and interest groups
● These alliances are far less common today—politics has become too complicated
● Issue networks: groups that regularly debate government policy on certain issues
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Congressional Oversight● Congress creates agencies (authorization,
organization, and jurisdiction)
● Congress authorizes funds for programs
● Congressional appropriations provide funds for the agency to spend on its programs
● Congressional investigations, hearings
● Setting guidelines for new agencies
● “Sunset” legislation
● Influence over selection of leadership
● Program evaluation
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Bureaucratic Pathologies
● Red tape: complex, sometimes conflicting rules ● Conflict: agencies work at cross-purposes● Duplication: two or more agencies seem to do
the same thing● Imperialism: tendency of agencies to grow,
irrespective of programs’ benefits and costs● Waste: spending more than is necessary to buy
some product or service
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Reforming the Bureaucracy
● Most rules and red tape are due to struggles between the president and Congress or to agencies’ efforts to avoid alienating influential voters
● Periods of divided government worsen matters, especially in implementing policy
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Reforming the Bureaucracy
● National Performance Review (NPR) in 1993 designed to reinvent government calling for less centralized management, more employee initiatives, fewer detailed rules, and more customer satisfaction
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The federal bureaucracy as part of the executive branch exercises substantial independence in implementing governmental policies and programs. Most workers in the federal bureaucracy are civil-service employees who are organized under a
merit system.
Characteristics of the merit system.- Hiring or promotion based on merit/experience/qualifications/testing
factors that contribute to bureaucratic independence.• The structure of the federal bureaucracy
o Largeo Specialized units/expertiseo Tenure protections/hard to fire o Based on merito Independent agencies/independent regulatory commissions
• The complexity of public policy problemso Specialized units/expertise o Delegated
authority o Discretionary authority
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Constitutional provisions that can be used to check the bureaucracy.
Congresso Appropriations — can reward or punish agency
o Legislation — can pass legislation affecting the bureaucracyo Rejection of presidential appointments to the bureaucracyo Impeachment of executive officials
The courtso Court rulings that limit bureaucratic practices
o Judicial review — can declare bureaucratic actions unconstitutionalo Injunctions against federal agencies
Interest groupso Use of the First Amendment- Lobbying, Protests, Media usage, Speech
o Litigation