V. President + Bureaucracy 1 V. President + Bureaucracy/ Foreign Policy.

V. President + Bureaucracy 1

V. President + V. President + Bureaucracy/ Bureaucracy/ Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

2V. President + Bureaucracy

A. Qualities of LeadershipA. Qualities of Leadership

Assign Assign Requirements: Presidential Presidential Hopefuls


B. Article TWOB. Article TWOsets the stage for “Executive Power to be Vested sets the stage for “Executive Power to be Vested

in a president. . .”in a president. . .”1. Constitutional Requirements1. Constitutional Requirements(a) 35 or older(a) 35 or older(b) natural born(b) natural born(c) 14 years of residency(c) 14 years of residency(d) term limits (22 amendment-2 terms plus2)(d) term limits (22 amendment-2 terms plus2)(e) disability of president turns to 25th (e) disability of president turns to 25th

amendment + succession process. A new non-amendment + succession process. A new non-elected VP needs approval from both houses.elected VP needs approval from both houses.

(f) popularly elected, sometimes (accidential (f) popularly elected, sometimes (accidential presidents) Many world leaders not elected presidents) Many world leaders not elected but selected by someone. i.e., PM’s are but selected by someone. i.e., PM’s are chosen by the majority party or selected. chosen by the majority party or selected.


2. Formal powers as chief 2. Formal powers as chief executiveexecutive

a. domestica. domestic

1) chief legislator-State of the Union, 1) chief legislator-State of the Union, advises,advises,

approves or vetos legislationapproves or vetos legislation

2) Administrative powers - enforce the laws, 2) Administrative powers - enforce the laws, select gov’t officials (w/Senate approval); select gov’t officials (w/Senate approval); run the bureaucracy via “Executive run the bureaucracy via “Executive Orders”. “Take Care” clause of Article II. Orders”. “Take Care” clause of Article II.

3) Judicial powers - reprieves, pardons, 3) Judicial powers - reprieves, pardons, commute federal felons; nominate federal commute federal felons; nominate federal judges w/ Senate majority confirmation. judges w/ Senate majority confirmation.


b. Foreign powersb. Foreign powers1) National Security1) National Security

a) commander in chiefa) commander in chief

b) Head of State (receives b) Head of State (receives ambassadors and other heads of ambassadors and other heads of state) state)

c) Chief Diplomat– Initiates treaties w/ c) Chief Diplomat– Initiates treaties w/ Senate approval. Senate approval.


3. Informal powers established over 3. Informal powers established over time:time:a. presidential precedent (Washington turning to a a. presidential precedent (Washington turning to a

cabinet for advice)cabinet for advice)b. Actions of Congress - giving president power i.e. b. Actions of Congress - giving president power i.e.

1965 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution v. War Powers Act. 1965 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution v. War Powers Act. c. Media’s use of the Bully Pulpit. Prez goes directly to c. Media’s use of the Bully Pulpit. Prez goes directly to

the people. i.e. Clinton in ‘97 budget the people. i.e. Clinton in ‘97 budget freeze. . .Congress lost that battle. freeze. . .Congress lost that battle.

d. Managing a Divided Gov’t- 16 of the 23 d. Managing a Divided Gov’t- 16 of the 23 Congressional + Prez elections since 1952 have Congressional + Prez elections since 1952 have produced divided gov’ts. produced divided gov’ts.

(1)(1) George Bush’s administration of 2000 was only the George Bush’s administration of 2000 was only the 3rd time since 1969 that ONE party controlled both 3rd time since 1969 that ONE party controlled both the WHite House and Congress, and the first time the WHite House and Congress, and the first time since 1953 that the Republicans ruled. . .since 1953 that the Republicans ruled. . .and that lasted only one year. WHY? and that lasted only one year. WHY?

e. Chief of Party. e. Chief of Party.


C.C. Running the Executive Running the Executive Branch-Branch-

1. VP is a heart beat away. . .1. VP is a heart beat away. . .a. Political + party pro, eases one into the a. Political + party pro, eases one into the

congressional gridlock. (i.e. Gore was a congressional gridlock. (i.e. Gore was a Congressional pro, as was LBJ Congressional pro, as was LBJ

b. faithful follower which might deter his own b. faithful follower which might deter his own presidential ambitions. i.e., Bush + Gore. presidential ambitions. i.e., Bush + Gore.

IF one wishes the top spot. . . VP is a grooming IF one wishes the top spot. . . VP is a grooming area. . .can spend a lot of time courting party area. . .can spend a lot of time courting party faithful and $$$$faithful and $$$$

c. Bring home the EC votes, i.e. key states or region; c. Bring home the EC votes, i.e. key states or region; or bloc of voters. (i.e. Cheney; Obama, McCain. . .) or bloc of voters. (i.e. Cheney; Obama, McCain. . .)

d. Prez Roosevelt went thru 4 VP’s and Truman was d. Prez Roosevelt went thru 4 VP’s and Truman was picked because he was the least feared. picked because he was the least feared.

e. He DOES become President of the Senate. . . e. He DOES become President of the Senate. . . f. Can a Prez get along with his chief party f. Can a Prez get along with his chief party

opponent?opponent?

2. Cabinet positions2. Cabinet positions

2. 2. Cabinet positions -14 secretaries and -14 secretaries and the AGthe AG

All must be confirmed by the Senate. Not All must be confirmed by the Senate. Not a constitutional entity!a constitutional entity!

a. Responsibilities- execute presidential a. Responsibilities- execute presidential and congressional policy directives. and congressional policy directives.

b. Requirements- Prez supporters, usually b. Requirements- Prez supporters, usually partisan selections, and that can become partisan selections, and that can become a rough time when appeasing the Senate! a rough time when appeasing the Senate! These are party faithful or close These are party faithful or close allies. . .what a better way to pay off a allies. . .what a better way to pay off a friend. . . A “plum” job. friend. . . A “plum” job.



3. Executive Office- 3. Executive Office- EEOB

More advisors for domestic and foreign More advisors for domestic and foreign policy. In theory partisan, in reality, civil policy. In theory partisan, in reality, civil servants who stay as presidents move on.servants who stay as presidents move on.

Office heads appointed + confirmed by appointed + confirmed by Senate (T-43)Senate (T-43)

a. NSC - crisis mg’ment- liaison to military, a. NSC - crisis mg’ment- liaison to military, CIACIA

b. CEA - economic trend managementb. CEA - economic trend management

c. OMB- presidential budget oversight; c. OMB- presidential budget oversight; watches Congress and the Bureaucracywatches Congress and the Bureaucracy


4. White House staff-4. White House staff-Partisan followers whose sole function Partisan followers whose sole function

is to support the president.is to support the president.

If not, find another job. If not, find another job. West Wing residents whose purpose is to residents whose purpose is to oversee the political and policy oversee the political and policy interests of the prez- interests of the prez-

no Senate confirm here!no Senate confirm here!


a. White House accessa. White House accessa. Access- The closer to the prez, the more a. Access- The closer to the prez, the more

power you pack, i.e. First Lady!power you pack, i.e. First Lady!(1) Pyramid Prez(1) Pyramid Prez

Chief of Staff (who is he?)Chief of Staff (who is he?)and so on depending on rankand so on depending on rank

(2) Circular - all have equal access and power (2) Circular - all have equal access and power status. . .i.e. Carterstatus. . .i.e. Carter

(3) ad hoc -- If you are willing and accessible, (3) ad hoc -- If you are willing and accessible, c’mon down to talk to numero uno. c’mon down to talk to numero uno. alienates cabinet members. . .but allows for alienates cabinet members. . .but allows for free flow of ideas. free flow of ideas.

Most presidents try to be original but Most presidents try to be original but eventually return to the pyramid approach eventually return to the pyramid approach to get something accomplished.to get something accomplished.


5. Sub cabinet positions . . . 5. Sub cabinet positions . . .

filled by “federal” employees (85%) filled by “federal” employees (85%) unless truly specialists in a given unless truly specialists in a given field (lawyers or businesspersons). field (lawyers or businesspersons).

a. Party ID not that relevant a. Party ID not that relevant because . . . because . . .

b. Appease caucus groups: Hispanics, b. Appease caucus groups: Hispanics, women, blacks, elderly, far right women, blacks, elderly, far right constituents. Here are your constituents. Here are your participants in the issue network. participants in the issue network.


D.D. Presidential Leadership- Presidential Leadership-How get others to follow - How get others to follow - 1. Act of Persuasion - Constitution is 1. Act of Persuasion - Constitution is

vague on what the PRESident can vague on what the PRESident can do. . .so great leaders get creative -- do. . .so great leaders get creative --

a. Powers enhanced by:a. Powers enhanced by:1) national constituency - 1) national constituency - 2) ceremonial head of state - and party, 2) ceremonial head of state - and party,

at least in first term. This can erode at least in first term. This can erode quickly if one’s party deserts you and quickly if one’s party deserts you and others compete in the primaries against others compete in the primaries against you! It’s tough to beat an incumbent!you! It’s tough to beat an incumbent!


2. Three target audiences2. Three target audiencesa. DC political pundits - can one do the job? a. DC political pundits - can one do the job?

Can one possess power- (charismatic Can one possess power- (charismatic leadership)leadership)

One gets 100 days to show your stuff! Make One gets 100 days to show your stuff! Make it count because the “honeymoon is over.”it count because the “honeymoon is over.”

b. partisan grassroots- Chief of Party- Be a b. partisan grassroots- Chief of Party- Be a good Republican or Democratgood Republican or Democrat

c. Joe Public- USe the c. Joe Public- USe the polls to your to your advantage. TV spots are what you make advantage. TV spots are what you make them. When you are hot, your legislation them. When you are hot, your legislation flows, your fellow party people get re-flows, your fellow party people get re-elected. (coat-tail effect)elected. (coat-tail effect)


3. Chief Legislator . . . 3. Chief Legislator . . . in name only. . . the power is shared with Congressin name only. . . the power is shared with Congressa. Advises-a. Advises-(1) shapes policy (2) consults Congr (3) bargains(1) shapes policy (2) consults Congr (3) bargains(4) appeals to partisans (friends to the party) (4) appeals to partisans (friends to the party) b. Disapprovalsb. Disapprovals(1) Veto - It takes 2/3 of Hse + Sen to override. - 10 (1) Veto - It takes 2/3 of Hse + Sen to override. - 10

day limit or its law. Overrides seldom happenday limit or its law. Overrides seldom happena) pocket veto - Congr adjourns; After 10 days it a) pocket veto - Congr adjourns; After 10 days it

passes or the prez VETOS it w/ no passes or the prez VETOS it w/ no override. . .BUTTTToverride. . .BUTTTT

b) line-item veto- State guvs can eliminate portions b) line-item veto- State guvs can eliminate portions of a bill . . . ‘96 Congr approved and Prez agreed of a bill . . . ‘96 Congr approved and Prez agreed for an “enhanced rescission” of legislation. Prez for an “enhanced rescission” of legislation. Prez had 5 days to “line-out” legislation. BUT Supreme had 5 days to “line-out” legislation. BUT Supreme Ct ruled it unconstitutional (Clinton v. City of NY)Ct ruled it unconstitutional (Clinton v. City of NY)

c) Executive signing statement. . . .c) Executive signing statement. . . .


c. Agenda setting-c. Agenda setting-1.) party support - 2/3 of the time party discipline 1.) party support - 2/3 of the time party discipline

prevails. But lack of consensus on policies and prevails. But lack of consensus on policies and diversity of constituents hurts the president. diversity of constituents hurts the president.

Congresspersons follow constituents first. . . Congresspersons follow constituents first. . . 2). Off year elections are not popular for Prez’s2). Off year elections are not popular for Prez’sexcept for Clinton in ’98 + GW in ’02. In ’06, 2010 . except for Clinton in ’98 + GW in ’02. In ’06, 2010 .

. . . history prevailed. . . . history prevailed. 3). Public approval gives leverage, not commanding 3). Public approval gives leverage, not commanding

influence. “influence. “Going Public”4). Q:Does one pursue a number of issues (Clinton) 4). Q:Does one pursue a number of issues (Clinton)

or just three or four (Reagan). OR create an or just three or four (Reagan). OR create an historical moment?historical moment?

What has President Obama attempted to do? What has President Obama attempted to do? A A grade for his first two years in office. . . . for his first two years in office. . . .


d. Economy _ SOTUd. Economy _ SOTU

1)1) Prez needs a strong economy to boost his Prez needs a strong economy to boost his agenda. agenda.

2)2) Major economic indicators. . .that he has Major economic indicators. . .that he has little control over. little control over.

(a) Is it a recession? Are there two (a) Is it a recession? Are there two consecutive economic indicator decreases? consecutive economic indicator decreases? If yes = RECIf yes = REC

(1) Employment rate. . . If it is running around (1) Employment rate. . . If it is running around 6-7 percent, America isn’t happy. Double 6-7 percent, America isn’t happy. Double digit is political suicide. Show me the #’s. digit is political suicide. Show me the #’s.

(2). INFLATION. . .THE CPI. . .consumer price (2). INFLATION. . .THE CPI. . .consumer price index measures the cost of goods + services. . .index measures the cost of goods + services. . .

(3) Lack of GDP growth = output of US citizens(3) Lack of GDP growth = output of US citizens

b. All 3 economists ( Keynes (Pro Gov) Friedman b. All 3 economists ( Keynes (Pro Gov) Friedman (pro Business) Galbraith), all had theories to (pro Business) Galbraith), all had theories to manage the economies. manage the economies.

Do you want Business or Gov’t to manage econ?Do you want Business or Gov’t to manage econ?

e. President has two alternativese. President has two alternatives

(1)(1)Monetary policy thru FRB’s (lends $$ to banks) Monetary policy thru FRB’s (lends $$ to banks) discount rate control that lowers interest rates!discount rate control that lowers interest rates!

(2)(2)Fiscal policy: w/ congress, let’s stimulate the “E”Fiscal policy: w/ congress, let’s stimulate the “E”

. Of course. . .it is a global economy. . . Cartoon18V. President + Bureaucracy

Recession 09-2010Recession 09-2010

Consumers Consumers ProducersProducers

Buy stuff Buy stuff Sell stuffSell stuff

Credit procurors Credit procurors Job makersJob makers

Gov’t Gov’t BanksBanks

Fiscal policy (VATS)Fiscal policy (VATS) Lend Lend MoneyMoney Credit giversCredit givers

Monetary policy Monetary policy Stock Market Stock Market

investments – 401’s 403’sinvestments – 401’s 403’s


Fiscal policyFiscal policy

a) Fiscal policy – Federal budget impact. . . a) Fiscal policy – Federal budget impact. . . Spending, taxing. . . And unfortunately, Spending, taxing. . . And unfortunately, borrowing . . .A “stimulus” package by borrowing . . .A “stimulus” package by gov’t attempts to provide “gov’t” gov’t attempts to provide “gov’t” incentives through tax breaks. . .or rebates incentives through tax breaks. . .or rebates ($600) to get people to spend . . . Which ($600) to get people to spend . . . Which hopefully inspires the prvt sector, who hopefully inspires the prvt sector, who then hires more . . . then hires more . . .

$$$$>> PS>>Hires more>> More personal $$$$>> PS>>Hires more>> More personal and business income to tax>> Econ soars. and business income to tax>> Econ soars.


a. TARP + ARRPa. TARP + ARRP

OR . . . . .OR . . . . .

Gov’t spends . . . .Gov’t spends . . . .

(1)(1)TARP - $750 billion went to shore up banks TARP - $750 billion went to shore up banks under GW 43 . . .Critics claim it has been under GW 43 . . .Critics claim it has been hard to account for funds.hard to account for funds.

(2) American Recovery + Reinvestment Plan (2) American Recovery + Reinvestment Plan ($850 Billion) will spur federal spending in a ($850 Billion) will spur federal spending in a variety of sectors including infrastructure, variety of sectors including infrastructure, education + state development. Critics: Who education + state development. Critics: Who will pay? Does more debt make it better? will pay? Does more debt make it better?


Monetary policyMonetary policy

FRB controls the flow of money in the FRB controls the flow of money in the society by raising or lowering the society by raising or lowering the discount rate. . .Independent agency discount rate. . .Independent agency that receives advice from the Prez and that receives advice from the Prez and from Congress. Easy $$$ promotes from Congress. Easy $$$ promotes more spending. . .tight $$$ lessens more spending. . .tight $$$ lessens spending. spending.


ARRP $825 B Plan:1. Renewable energy initiatives that would

double output w/in 3 years.2. Upgrade schools3. Make fed buildings more “E” efficient4. Triple undergrad and post grad science

fellowships.5. Tax cuts; $1,000 per person6. $600 billion infrastructure development that

creates local jobs. 7. State block grants to shore up Medicare and

unemployment plans. B) Monetary policy – Control $$$$ supply by

manipulating interest rates. . . .

4. 3 Major hurdles to 4. 3 Major hurdles to recovery . . . recovery . . . Economist Roger Samuelson claims . . .Economist Roger Samuelson claims . . .

1.1. It’s global, not nat’l. Must convince Chinese It’s global, not nat’l. Must convince Chinese and Indians to spend at home. Internalize and Indians to spend at home. Internalize one’s economy to create stability. one’s economy to create stability.

2. Consumer spending has collapsed. No risk 2. Consumer spending has collapsed. No risk takers now. Save. . .Save. . .save. . .takers now. Save. . .Save. . .save. . .

3. Investors have gone on strike. No credit is 3. Investors have gone on strike. No credit is available to shore up credit or other finance available to shore up credit or other finance businesses. businesses.

All three must be dealt w/ All three must be dealt w/ simultaneously. . .and a A Prez may not have simultaneously. . .and a A Prez may not have the means to do it. the means to do it.



d. Crisis managementd. Crisis management Some created by one’s agenda. . .some Some created by one’s agenda. . .some

inherited by past presidents. inherited by past presidents. Some domestic, Many are foreign. Some domestic, Many are foreign.

Constitutional factors that influence Constitutional factors that influence decision making: decision making:

1. Chief Diplomat1. Chief Diplomata) extend + terminate diplomatic a) extend + terminate diplomatic

recognition recognition b) Negotiate treaties w/ 2/3rd Senate b) Negotiate treaties w/ 2/3rd Senate

confirm.confirm.c) executive agreements-c) executive agreements-d) initiate nuclear war, the President’s d) initiate nuclear war, the President’s

call.call.


2. Commander in Chief- Cold WAR V. HOT 2. Commander in Chief- Cold WAR V. HOT WAR or are they shadow wars? WAR or are they shadow wars?

a)a) Global military reach- Going to war w/o Global military reach- Going to war w/o declaring war - police actions - declaring war - police actions - Korea+Vietnam, Panama, Grenada, IraqKorea+Vietnam, Panama, Grenada, Iraq

1)1) Foreign policy history:Foreign policy history:a)) Isolationism – Monroe Doctrine a)) Isolationism – Monroe Doctrine

established the “homefront” – The established the “homefront” – The America’sAmerica’s

b)) WWI we went “Over there” + Prez b)) WWI we went “Over there” + Prez Wilson wanted involvement in a Wilson wanted involvement in a “League of Nations. “League of Nations.

Senate said no. Senate said no.


c)) WWII + Cold War – Defeated Japan + c)) WWII + Cold War – Defeated Japan + Germany and a power vacuum occurred Germany and a power vacuum occurred that the Ruskies wished to fill. that the Ruskies wished to fill.

1)) Containment policy vs. USSR’s 1)) Containment policy vs. USSR’s Communist Expansion. . .Greece, Korea, Communist Expansion. . .Greece, Korea, Vietnam, Western Europe. NATO vs. Vietnam, Western Europe. NATO vs. Warsaw Pact. Warsaw Pact.

Also McCarthyism raging at home to thwart Also McCarthyism raging at home to thwart commie infiltration. commie infiltration.

d)) Era of Détente – Lessoning of d)) Era of Détente – Lessoning of tensions. . .de- nuke in the 70’s after the tensions. . .de- nuke in the 70’s after the 60’s madness.60’s madness.

e)) Ray Gun’s Star wars initiative“broke” the e)) Ray Gun’s Star wars initiative“broke” the Soviets.Soviets.


f)) USSR crumbles. . .China views a mixed f)) USSR crumbles. . .China views a mixed economy. Eastern Europe throws off the yoke economy. Eastern Europe throws off the yoke of Communism. USSR is liberated. The wall of Communism. USSR is liberated. The wall falls 1989falls 1989

g)) Terrorism is the next target. . .g)) Terrorism is the next target. . .

1)) Kuwait + the multi-lateral coalition vs. IRAQ1)) Kuwait + the multi-lateral coalition vs. IRAQ

2)) Unilateral theory of Bush 43 to finish off2)) Unilateral theory of Bush 43 to finish off

Iraq + pursue the “Axis of Evil”. Any one who Iraq + pursue the “Axis of Evil”. Any one who “harbors” or protects terrorists are against us. “harbors” or protects terrorists are against us.

3)) The hunt for WMD. . . 3)) The hunt for WMD. . .

h)) Obama’s world. . .A hand out to reconciliation. h)) Obama’s world. . .A hand out to reconciliation.

The US will not go it alone. . . The US will not go it alone. . .


e. Instruments of e. Instruments of Foreign PolicyForeign Policy1.1. Economic – sanctions, embargos, trade. . Economic – sanctions, embargos, trade. .

.Globalization prevails . . . “Soft power” .Globalization prevails . . . “Soft power”

2.2. Military – conventional – unconventional- Military – conventional – unconventional- MAD scenarios – Hard PowerMAD scenarios – Hard Power

3.3. Coalition building – “Smart Power”Coalition building – “Smart Power”

a)a) UN, CENTO, SEATO, OAS, EUUN, CENTO, SEATO, OAS, EU

b)b) Multi-national Corporations Multi-national Corporations

4. The Players4. The Players

a)a) Prez + his major players – Defense, Prez + his major players – Defense, State, NSCState, NSC

b)b) Congress Congress


1) Prez can dispatch troops for 60 1) Prez can dispatch troops for 60 days w/o Congr approval. . .thendays w/o Congr approval. . .then

2) 2) War PowersWar Powers resolution - Congress resolution - Congress must allocate funds or troops are must allocate funds or troops are coming home. Gulf War Congr coming home. Gulf War Congr issued a resolution in support . . . issued a resolution in support . . . same in war on terrorism.same in war on terrorism.


3. Foreign Crisis Manager - 3. Foreign Crisis Manager - a. Congress funds it, President directs a. Congress funds it, President directs

it, Congressional oversight after its it, Congressional oversight after its over. over.

b. Presidential options in a foreign b. Presidential options in a foreign crisis.crisis.

(1) get information(1) get informationIf Crisis is managed well. . .public If Crisis is managed well. . .public

approval rating soars. If Not, the approval rating soars. If Not, the Media jumps on the bandwagon to Media jumps on the bandwagon to bring president under control!bring president under control!


2. Three forms of Diplomacy.. . It all 2. Three forms of Diplomacy.. . It all depends on a balance of power.depends on a balance of power.

a)a) Uneven balance. . .one gets Uneven balance. . .one gets WarWar

b) Balance of power. . .one getsb) Balance of power. . .one getspeacepeace

c. Use or abuse of the truth. . .one gets . c. Use or abuse of the truth. . .one gets . . .. .Propaganda. . .may be more Propaganda. . .may be more successful than war or peace.successful than war or peace.rallying the masses w/ disinformationrallying the masses w/ disinformation


ff. Soooo. . .who has more . Soooo. . .who has more power. . .Congress or Prez?power. . .Congress or Prez?

1. Domestically1. Domestically(a) Prez can “VETO” legislation(a) Prez can “VETO” legislation(b) Congress can also prevent Presidential (b) Congress can also prevent Presidential

“actions” – “actions” – LEGISLATIVE VETO – Prez can’t put actions into LEGISLATIVE VETO – Prez can’t put actions into

place until a 30-90 day waiting place until a 30-90 day waiting period. . .Congress submits a “resolution” to deny period. . .Congress submits a “resolution” to deny the Presidential action. . .the Presidential action. . .

(1) SC (Chadha case ) ruled it unconstitutional,(1) SC (Chadha case ) ruled it unconstitutional, Congress passes laws, Prez signs them into Congress passes laws, Prez signs them into

LAW. . . LAW. . . (2) But Congress still uses the LEG VETO as a (2) But Congress still uses the LEG VETO as a

threat to control the bureaucracy!threat to control the bureaucracy!


(c) Congress can pull back funding if (c) Congress can pull back funding if Prez doesn’t spend the Prez doesn’t spend the allocation. . . .Impoundment of funds. . allocation. . . .Impoundment of funds. . (1) Budget Reform ACT of 1974. . .Does (1) Budget Reform ACT of 1974. . .Does the Prez have to spend all he gets. . .He the Prez have to spend all he gets. . .He can’t spend what he doesn’t get!!!can’t spend what he doesn’t get!!!

2. Foreign Policy2. Foreign Policy

(a) War Powers Act 1973 – MUST notify (a) War Powers Act 1973 – MUST notify Congress. . .but does he need their Congress. . .but does he need their approval???? approval????


G. Impeachment - the G. Impeachment - the indictmentindictment

1. Reason - House may charge the president, 1. Reason - House may charge the president, by majority vote, for “Treason, Bribery, or by majority vote, for “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. Submit Articles of Impeachment to the Submit Articles of Impeachment to the

2. Senate, which holds the trial with the Chief 2. Senate, which holds the trial with the Chief Justice and presiding judge. 2/3 of Senate Justice and presiding judge. 2/3 of Senate votes to convict. . .That’s a supermajority votes to convict. . .That’s a supermajority vote. vote.

3. Two Presidents have been impeached, 3. Two Presidents have been impeached, NONENONE

convicted. Johnson, + Clinton. . . Nixon convicted. Johnson, + Clinton. . . Nixon resigned B4 trial. resigned B4 trial.


4. Clinton’s debacle -4. Clinton’s debacle -a) Special Prosecutor ((Ken Starr) - was chosen a) Special Prosecutor ((Ken Starr) - was chosen

by the Justice Department to investigate the by the Justice Department to investigate the President’s financial wrongdoings President’s financial wrongdoings (Whitewater) when he was guv of Arkansas.(Whitewater) when he was guv of Arkansas.

b) These investigations spiraled into charges of b) These investigations spiraled into charges of perjury, obstruction of justice, witness perjury, obstruction of justice, witness tampering and abuse of power concerning a tampering and abuse of power concerning a young intern. young intern.

(c) historically-(c) historically-1) impeachment is not crime related1) impeachment is not crime related2) “grave” offenses are a subject of interpretation2) “grave” offenses are a subject of interpretation3) policy disagreement does NOT constitute 3) policy disagreement does NOT constitute

impeachmentimpeachment4) Politically based. . .which involves Congress 4) Politically based. . .which involves Congress Fishbowl + Fishbowl MatrixFishbowl + Fishbowl Matrix


(c) Formal indictments v. President Clinton (c) Formal indictments v. President Clinton

((1)) lying to a grand jury((1)) lying to a grand jury

((2)) obstructing justice.((2)) obstructing justice.

(d) House voted: 199d 3r voted no, 5d voted (d) House voted: 199d 3r voted no, 5d voted yes. yes.

(e) Senate voted w/ a majority vote to (e) Senate voted w/ a majority vote to convict. . .convict. . .

but that was not enough. President Clinton but that was not enough. President Clinton was found not guilty. What was the vote? was found not guilty. What was the vote?


E. The Federal Bureaucracy - Policy E. The Federal Bureaucracy - Policy ImplementationImplementation

1.1. Federal Civil Service -- powerless patronageFederal Civil Service -- powerless patronage- it’s what you can do (merit principle) - it’s what you can do (merit principle) instead of who you know( the spoils system)instead of who you know( the spoils system)

a. Pendelton Civil Service Act- 1883 established a. Pendelton Civil Service Act- 1883 established federal civil servicefederal civil service

b. Hatch Act- prohibits civil servants from b. Hatch Act- prohibits civil servants from becoming political activists while working. becoming political activists while working.

c. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) hires c. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) hires to fires. to fires. (1) GS rating determines pay and benefits(1) GS rating determines pay and benefits(2) .001 % are fired because of (2) .001 % are fired because of “incompetence”“incompetence”(3) Plum book, jobs that are directly (3) Plum book, jobs that are directly appointed by the president. (in-and-outers) appointed by the president. (in-and-outers) about 3,000 top level positions -about 3,000 top level positions -


2. Bureaucratic theories on how to run 2. Bureaucratic theories on how to run a gov’ta gov’t

a. Weberian Model - a. Weberian Model - 1) Hierarchy\ 1) Hierarchy\ 2) task specialization2) task specialization3) merit base – not patronage. An assassins bullet 3) merit base – not patronage. An assassins bullet

changed the system.changed the system.4) Impartiality4) Impartiality5) A culture – “This is how it is done here” type of 5) A culture – “This is how it is done here” type of

attitude. attitude. b. Acquisitive/Monopolisticb. Acquisitive/Monopolistic1) Maximize one’s budget- 1) Maximize one’s budget- 2) Only show on the block - monopoly2) Only show on the block - monopoly3) fear of privatization 3) fear of privatization c. Garbage can - Buy something and then find a use for it. c. Garbage can - Buy something and then find a use for it.

Solutions are in search of problems. Solutions are in search of problems. d. American bureaucracies share each of the above d. American bureaucracies share each of the above

theories in administering to the needs of the American theories in administering to the needs of the American people.people.


3. The Hierarchy3. The Hierarchya. Cabinet Departments- 15 of those - a. Cabinet Departments- 15 of those -

although some have been in jeopardy - i.e. although some have been in jeopardy - i.e. What does “the Commerce” department do? What does “the Commerce” department do? InteriorInterior

b. Regulatory Agencies - affect economy by b. Regulatory Agencies - affect economy by making and enforcing rules designed to making and enforcing rules designed to protect the public interest. protect the public interest. Munn v. Munn v. Illinois (1877)Illinois (1877) ICC followed in 1887 to ICC followed in 1887 to regulate RR’s regulate RR’s

Small commission oversees agency. Small commission oversees agency. Appointed by president, confirmed by Appointed by president, confirmed by Senate for fixed terms - Oust via Just Cause!Senate for fixed terms - Oust via Just Cause!

SIGS attempt to impact Regulatory agencies!SIGS attempt to impact Regulatory agencies!


1) FRB (Federal reserve Board - 1) FRB (Federal reserve Board - Regulates $$$ supply > interest Regulates $$$ supply > interest rates. rates.

2) NLRB (Nat’l Labor Relations Board) 2) NLRB (Nat’l Labor Relations Board)

3) FCC - licensing and managing the 3) FCC - licensing and managing the HUGE TV, telephone, internet; with HUGE TV, telephone, internet; with some success.some success.

4) FTC - monopoly watch - ad accuracy4) FTC - monopoly watch - ad accuracy

5) SEC - police stock market.5) SEC - police stock market.


c. Gov’t Corporations -c. Gov’t Corporations -like prv’t corps. Provide services and charge for like prv’t corps. Provide services and charge for

themthem1) TVA 1) TVA 2) US Post Office - the largest corp. 2) US Post Office - the largest corp. 3) Amtrack 3) Amtrack d. d. Independent Executive AgenciesIndependent Executive Agencies - all the - all the

rest. Chiefs appointed by the presidentrest. Chiefs appointed by the president1) GSA – General Service Administration1) GSA – General Service Administration2) NSF - Nat’l Science Foundation2) NSF - Nat’l Science Foundation3) NASA – 3) NASA – SOOOOO. . . Part D One on your Buro SOOOOO. . . Part D One on your Buro

Demo. . .Where does your agency align within Demo. . .Where does your agency align within the Fed Bureaucracy? the Fed Bureaucracy?


4. Policy Implementation -4. Policy Implementation -

Congressional laws, Presidential orders, Congressional laws, Presidential orders, Judicial decisions and make them into Judicial decisions and make them into policy . policy .

a) Assign (new or old) agency the task.a) Assign (new or old) agency the task.

b) Set up operational rules and develop b) Set up operational rules and develop guidelinesguidelines

c) Coordinate resources and personnel.c) Coordinate resources and personnel.

d) BUT . . . . . best laid plans go astrayd) BUT . . . . . best laid plans go astray

1) Program design is faulty. . .What is said in 1) Program design is faulty. . .What is said in Washington may not fly in Las Vegas. Washington may not fly in Las Vegas.


2) lack of clarity in the idea - i.e. Title IX 2) lack of clarity in the idea - i.e. Title IX equality for men and women sports. What equality for men and women sports. What does “equal” mean? law states does “equal” mean? law states “reasonable provisions” to provide “reasonable provisions” to provide equality. . .What is “reasonable”?equality. . .What is “reasonable”?

OR - immigration keeps out the terrorists OR - immigration keeps out the terrorists but allows immigrants into an open door but allows immigrants into an open door country?country?

3) lack of resources - - AIDS prevention, INS 3) lack of resources - - AIDS prevention, INS problems, DOE auditting, FAA and IRS are problems, DOE auditting, FAA and IRS are undermanned. FDA and drug testing.undermanned. FDA and drug testing.

4) SOP’s + red tape - frustrate constituents-4) SOP’s + red tape - frustrate constituents-


5) Administrator discretion - 5) Administrator discretion - Politics is a factor.Politics is a factor.

So is constituent pressure! So is constituent pressure! 6) Diffusion of responsibility - 6) Diffusion of responsibility -

the Drug War is Justice, the Drug War is Justice, customs (Treasury) , military customs (Treasury) , military (Defense) (Defense) State and more. . .and State and more. . .and then Congress is involved. It often gets then Congress is involved. It often gets fragmented. fragmented.

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Buro Demo TopicsBuro Demo Topics1.1. Oil spill in GulfOil spill in Gulf 2. Immigration2. Immigration

3. China making US toys3. China making US toys 4. Super Bowl4. Super Bowl

5. International airports5. International airports 6. Managing a Casino6. Managing a Casino

7. Supermarkets (food wholesale or retailers)7. Supermarkets (food wholesale or retailers)

8. Natural disaster i.e. Katrina. . .earthquake8. Natural disaster i.e. Katrina. . .earthquake

9. Declaration of War or police action (you state 9. Declaration of War or police action (you state the region 10. Space Shuttle Launch. 11. Iran the region 10. Space Shuttle Launch. 11. Iran nukesnukes

12. Oil pipeline across US. 13. Drug intervention12. Oil pipeline across US. 13. Drug intervention

14. Improving Educ. 15. Obamacare 16. Bank 14. Improving Educ. 15. Obamacare 16. Bank failures. 17. 2012 election 18. Interstate travel.failures. 17. 2012 election 18. Interstate travel.



5. Policy regulation-5. Policy regulation-

a.a. The US Gov’t puts its stamp of approval The US Gov’t puts its stamp of approval on most every day matters. The private on most every day matters. The private sector meets the gov’t face to face daily. sector meets the gov’t face to face daily.

1)1) Munn v. Illinois opened the doorMunn v. Illinois opened the door

a)a) NLRB – prevents unfair labor practicesNLRB – prevents unfair labor practices

b)b) OSHA – promotes safety for workersOSHA – promotes safety for workers

c)c) EEOC – promotes civil rightsEEOC – promotes civil rights

d)d) FCC – Oversees electronic mediaFCC – Oversees electronic media


e) All possess:e) All possess:

1)) Congressional authority1)) Congressional authority

2)) set rules and guidelines2)) set rules and guidelines

3)) some means of enforcement to 3)) some means of enforcement to encourage compliance. encourage compliance.


6. Too much regulation?6. Too much regulation?

1.1. Costs the private sector which means it Costs the private sector which means it costs the consumer.costs the consumer.

2.2. Is America losing its competitive edge vs. Is America losing its competitive edge vs. foreign countries?foreign countries?

3.3. Does “red tape” strangle the system?Does “red tape” strangle the system?

Command and control policyCommand and control policy

vs. vs.

Incentive system = punish the offenders onlyIncentive system = punish the offenders only

Emphasize free market strategies. Emphasize free market strategies.


6. Controlling the 6. Controlling the Bureaucratic morass -Bureaucratic morass -

a. Presidential ordersa. Presidential orders1) Appointments 1) Appointments 2) issue executive orders2) issue executive orders3) Budget squeezes3) Budget squeezes4) Re-organize (deregulation move)4) Re-organize (deregulation move)b. Congressb. Congress1) influence appointments1) influence appointments2) budget influence2) budget influence3) hold hearings3) hold hearings4) rewrite legislation4) rewrite legislation5) Let the prv’t sector do it- deregulate!5) Let the prv’t sector do it- deregulate!


c. SIGS - Iron Triangles impact sub c. SIGS - Iron Triangles impact sub governments - Tobacco industry and governments - Tobacco industry and nuke power have seen major changes nuke power have seen major changes in last decade.in last decade.

d. issue Networks- Bureaucrats take an d. issue Networks- Bureaucrats take an emotional approach to solving emotional approach to solving problems instead of maintaining problems instead of maintaining objectivity. objectivity.

V. President + Bureaucracy 1 V. President + Bureaucracy/ Foreign Policy.

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