CHAPTER • 14 - UFPRdigima/leitura/Atlas radiografico do... · interest is necessary.The purpose...

To use the roentgen sign method of recognizing abnor-mal radiographic findings effectively, an understandingof normal radiographic anatomy for the specific area of

interest is necessary. The purpose of this chapter is to providea limited reference for the radiographic anatomy of the appen-dicular skeleton. Refer to comprehensive textbooks on radi-ographic anatomy for more detailed information.1,2

The radiographic nomenclature used in this chapter wasapproved by the American College of Veterinary Radiology in1983.3 Some equine images in this chapter (Figs. 14-30through 14-49 and 14-54 through 14-57) have been takenfrom previous publications and are reproduced here with per-mission of the journals and author.4-6

R E F E R E N C E S

1. Waibl H, Mayrhofer, E, Matis U et al: Atlas of radiographicanatomy of the dog, Stuttgart, 2005, Parey Verlag.

2. Schebitz H, Wilkens H: Atlas of radiographic anatomy of thehorse, ed 3, Philadelphia, 1978, W.B. Saunders.

3. Smallwood JE, Shively MJ, Rendano VT et al: A standard-ized nomenclature for radiographic projections used in veterinary medicine, Vet Radiol 26:2, 1985.

4. Smallwood JE, Shively MJ: Radiographic and xeroradi-ographic anatomy of the equine carpus, Equine Pract 1:22,1979.

5. Smallwood JE, Holladay SD: Xeroradiographic anatomy ofthe equine digit and metacarpophalangeal region, VetRadiol 28:166, 1987.

6. Shively MJ, Smallwood JE: Radiographic and xeroradi-ographic anatomy of the equine tarsus, Equine Pract 2:19,1980.

James E. SmallwoodKathy A. Spaulding

CHAPTER • 14Radiographic Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton

Fig. 14-1 Mediolateral Radiograph of Canine Shoulder Joint.1. Spine of scapula2. Acromion of scapula3. Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula4. Head of humerus5. Glenoid cavity of scapula6. Proximal physis of humerus7. Greater tubercle of humerus8. Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Fig. 14-2 Caudocranial Radiograph of Canine ShoulderJoint.1. Spine of scapula2. Acromion of scapula3. Greater tubercle of humerus4. Humeral (scapulohumeral) joint5. Lesser tubercle of humerus6. Clavicle

Copyright © 2007 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

CHAPTER 14 • Radiographic Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton

Fig. 14-3 Mediolateral Radiograph of Canine Humerus.1. Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula2. Head of humerus3. Anconeal process of ulna4. Lateral epicondyle of humerus5. Tuber olecrani6. Medial epicondyle of humerus7. Lateral coronoid process of ulna8. Proximal radioulnar joint9. Medial coronoid process of ulna

10. Head of radius11. Condyle of humerus12. Proximal physis of humerus13. Greater tubercle of humerus14. Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Fig. 14-4 Caudocranial Radiograph of Canine Humerus.1. Acromion of scapula2. Greater tubercle of humerus3. Deltoid tuberosity4. Supratrochlear foramen of humerus5. Lateral epicondyle of humerus6. Capitulum of humeral condyle7. Medial coronoid process of ulna8. Trochlea of humeral condyle9. Medial epicondyle of humerus

10. Clavicle11. Lesser tubercle of humerus


SECTION III • The Appendicular Skeleton

Fig. 14-6 Mediolateral Radiograph of FlexedCanine Elbow Joint.1. Medial epicondyle of humerus2. Anconeal process of ulna3. Medial part of humeral condyle4. Lateral part of humeral condyle5. Caudal border of lateral epicondyle of humerus

Fig. 14-5 Mediolateral Radiograph of Canine Elbow Joint.1. Anconeal process of ulna2. Tuber olecrani of ulna3. Caudal border of lateral epicondyle of humerus4. Caudal border of medial epicondyle of humerus5. Lateral coronoid process of ulna6. Proximal radioulnar joint7. Medial coronoid process of ulna8. Head of radius9. Condyle of humerus

10. Cranial border of medial epicondyle of humerus11. Cranial border of lateral epicondyle of humerus

Fig. 14-7 Craniocaudal Radiograph of Canine Elbow Joint.1. Tuber olecrani of ulna2. Medial epicondyle of humerus3. Trochlea of humeral condyle4. Medial coronoid process of ulna5. Head of radius6. Capitulum of humeral condyle7. Lateral epicondyle of humerus8. Anconeal process of ulna9. Supratrochlear foramen of humerus



A B

Fig. 14-8 Craniolateral-Caudomedial Oblique (A) and Craniomedial-CaudolateralOblique (B) Radiographs of Canine Elbow Joint.1. Supratrochlear foramen of humerus2. Anconeal process of ulna3. Medial epicondyle of humerus4. Trochlear notch of ulna5. Medial coronoid process of ulna6. Tuber olecrani of ulna7. Tuber olecrani of ulna8. Medial epicondyle of humerus9. Head of radius

10. Sesamoid bone of supinator muscle (inconstant)11. Lateral epicondyle of humerus12. Anconeal process of ulna13. Supratrochlear foramen of humerus



Fig. 14-9 Mediolateral Radiograph of Canine Antebrachium.1. Tuber olecrani of ulna2. Lateral epicondyle of humerus3. Medial epicondyle of humerus4. Proximal radioulnar joint5. Body of ulna6. Distal metaphysis of ulna7. Distal epiphysis of ulna8. Accessory carpal bone9. Carpal pad

10. Antebrachiocarpal joint11. Distal epiphysis of radius12. Distal physis of radius13. Distal metaphysis of radius14. Body of radius15. Neck of radius16. Head of radius17. Elbow (cubital) joint18. Condyle of humerus

Fig. 14-10 Craniocaudal Radiograph of Canine Ante-brachium.1. Medial epicondyle of humerus2. Medial coronoid process of ulna3. Body of radius4. Distal metaphysis of radius5. Distal epiphysis of radius6. Intermedioradial carpal bone7. Sesamoid bone of abductor pollicis longus8. Ulnar carpal bone9. Distal epiphysis (styloid process) of ulna

10. Distal metaphysis of ulna11. Body of ulna12. Head of radius13. Elbow (cubital) joint14. Lateral epicondyle of humerus



Fig. 14-11 Dorsopalmar Radiograph of Canine Carpus.1. Distal physis of radius2. Distal metaphysis of radius3. Antebrachiocarpal joint4. Distal epiphysis of radius5. Styloid process (medial) of radius6. Middle carpal joint7. Intermedioradial carpal bone8. Sesamoid bone of abductor pollicis longus9. First carpal bone (C1)

10. Second carpal bone (C2)11. First metacarpal bone (Mc1)12. Carpometacarpal joint13. Third carpal bone (C3)14. Fifth metacarpal bone (Mc5)15. Fourth carpal bone (C4)16. Accessory carpal bone17. Ulnar carpal bone18. Distal epiphysis (styloid process) of ulna19. Distal radioulnar joint20. Distal metaphysis of ulna

Fig. 14-12 Mediolateral Radiograph of Canine Carpus.1. Distal epiphysis (styloid process) of ulna2. Accessory carpal bone3. Ulnar carpal bone4. Carpal pad5. Proximal sesamoid bone of first digit6. Proximal phalanx (Pp) of first digit7. Carpometacarpal joint8. Middle carpal joint9. Antebrachiocarpal joint

10. Distal epiphysis of radius


Fig. 14-13 Dorsolateral-Palmaromedial Oblique Radio-graph of Canine Manus.1. Distal radioulnar joint2. Accessory carpal bone3. Ulnar carpal bone4. Base of Mc55. C16. C27. Middle carpal joint8. Intermedioradial carpal bone9. Antebrachiocarpal joint

Fig. 14-14 Dorsopalmar Radiograph of Canine Manus.1. Distal epiphysis of radius2. Intermedioradial carpal bone3. Sesamoid bone of abductor pollicis longus4. C15. Mc16. Pp of digit 17. Distal phalanx (Pd) of digit 18. Mc29. Abaxial proximal sesamoid bone of digit 2

10. Pp of digit 211. Middle phalanx (Pm) of digit 212. Unguicular crest of Pd of digit 213. Unguicular process of Pd of digit 214. Digital pad of digit 315. Metacarpal pad16. Distal interphalangeal joint (DIJ) of digit 517. Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIJ) of digit 518. Metacarpophalangeal joint of digit 519. Mc420. Mc321. Carpal pad22. Ulnar carpal bone23. Accessory carpal bone24. Distal epiphysis (styloid process) of ulna



Fig. 14-15 Mediolateral Radiograph of Canine Manus.1. Distal epiphysis (styloid process) of ulna2. Accessory carpal bone3. Ulnar carpal bone4. Carpal pad5. Proximal sesamoid bone of digit 16. Pd of digit 17. Dorsal sesamoid bone8. Antebrachiocarpal joint9. Distal epiphysis of radius

Fig. 14-16 Palmaromedial-Dorsolateral Oblique Radio-graph of Canine Manus.1. Distal epiphysis (styloid process) of ulna2. Accessory carpal bone3. Ulnar carpal bone4. Body of Mc55. Abaxial proximal sesamoid bone of digit 56. Pm of digit 57. Metacarpal pad8. Digital pad of digit 49. Flexor tubercle of Pd of digit 4

10. Unguicular crest of Pd of digit 411. Unguicular process of Pd of digit 312. Pp of digit 213. Dorsal sesamoid bone of digit 214. Middle carpal joint



Fig. 14-17 Ventrodorsal Radiograph of CaninePelvis.1. Crest of left ilium2. Wing of left ilium3. Body of left ilium4. Body of left pubis5. Head of left femur6. Greater trochanter of left femur7. Body of left ischium8. Caudal vertebra 49. Table of left ischium

10. Ischial arch11. Body of right femur12. Right tuber ischiadicum (ischiatic tuberosity)13. Right obturator foramen14. Caudodorsal aspect of lunate surface of acetabulum15. Acetabular fossa16. Fovea capitis of right femur17. Cranioventral aspect of lunate surface of acetabu-

lum18. Sacral vertebra 319. Right sacroiliac joint20. Right tuber coxae (cranioventral iliac spine)

Fig. 14-18 Right-Left Lateral Radiograph of Canine Pelvis.9. Superimposed right and left obturator

foramina10. Body of right femur (more magnified)11. Body of left femur (less magnified)12. Head of right femur (more magnified)13. Body of left ilium (less magnified)14. Body of right ilium (more magnified)15. Promontory of sacrum

1. Crest of right ilium (more magnified)2. Craniodorsal iliac spine3. Caudodorsal iliac spine4. Left tuber sacrale (less magnified)5. Sacral vertebra 36. Caudal vertebra 27. Left coxal joint (less magnified)8. Superimposed right and left tubera

ischiadica



Fig. 14-19 Craniocaudal Radiograph of Canine Femur.1. Cranioventral aspect of lunate surface of acetabulum2. Fovea capitis of femur3. Acetabular fossa4. Caudodorsal aspect of lunate surface of acetabulum5. Lesser trochanter of femur6. Patella7. Medial sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle8. Medial epicondyle of femur9. Medial condyle of femur

10. Medial condyle of tibia11. Extensor fossa of femur12. Lateral epicondyle of femur13. Lateral sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle14. Body of femur15. Tuber ischiadicum16. Trochanteric fossa of femur17. Greater trochanter of femur18. Neck of femur19. Head of femur

Fig. 14-20 Mediolateral Radiograph of Canine Femur.1. Trochanteric fossa of femur2. Lesser trochanter of femur3. Nutrient canal of femur4. Lateral sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle5. Medial sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle6. Medial and lateral condyles of femur7. Sesamoid bone of popliteus muscle8. Fibula9. Tibial tuberosity

10. Patella11. Body of femur12. Neck of femur13. Head of femur14. Craniodorsal aspect of lunate surface of acetabulum



Fig. 14-21 Craniocaudal Radiograph of Canine Stifle Joint.1. Base of patella2. Apex of patella3. Medial sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle4. Medial epicondyle of femur5. Medial condyle of femur6. Intercondylar fossa of femur7. Medial condyle of tibia8. Medial tubercle of intercondylar eminence9. Lateral tubercle of intercondylar eminence

10. Cranial border of tibia11. Body of fibula12. Sesamoid bone of popliteus muscle13. Head of fibula14. Lateral condyle of tibia15. Extensor fossa of femur16. Lateral sesamoid of gastrocnemius

Fig. 14-22 Mediolateral Radiograph of Canine Stifle Joint.1. Lateral sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle2. Medial sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle3. Medial and lateral condyles of femur4. Extensor fossa of femur5. Sesamoid bone of popliteus muscle6. Head of fibula7. Body of fibula8. Cranial border of tibia9. Cartilage between tibial tuberosity and body of tibia

10. Tibial tuberosity11. Cranial intercondylar area of tibia12. Infrapatellar fat body13. Patellar ligament14. Superimposed ridges of femoral trochlea15. Patella



Fig. 14-23 Craniocaudal Radiograph of Canine Crus.1. Medial condyle of femur2. Medial meniscus3. Medial condyle of tibia4. Medial border of tibia5. Body of tibia6. Medial surface of fibula (faces tibia)7. Tuber calcanei8. Medial groove of tibial cochlea9. Medial malleolus of tibia

10. Medial aspect of tarsocrural joint11. Lateral malleolus of fibula12. Lateral surface of fibula13. Lateral border of tibia (faces fibula)14. Interosseous membrane15. Body of fibula16. Cranial border of tibia17. Medial tubercle of intercondylar eminence18. Lateral tubercle of intercondylar eminence19. Head of fibula20. Lateral condyle of tibia21. Lateral meniscus22. Central intercondylar area of tibia

Fig. 14-24 Mediolateral Radiograph of Canine Crus.1. Lateral sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle2. Medial sesamoid of gastrocnemius muscle3. Medial condyle of femur4. Lateral condyle of femur5. Sesamoid bone of popliteus muscle6. Head of fibula7. Body of fibula8. Tarsocrural joint9. Tuber calcanei

10. Proximal intertarsal joint11. Trochlea of talus12. Body of fibula superimposed on tibia13. Cranial border of tibia14. Cartilage between tibial tuberosity and body of tibia15. Tibial tuberosity16. Extensor fossa of femur



Fig. 14-25 Mediolateral Radiograph of Canine Tarsus.1. Tuber calcanei2. Body of calcaneus3. Fourth tarsal bone (T4)4. Metatarsal bone 1 (Mt1)5. Superimposed Mt2 through Mt56. Tarsometatarsal joints7. Third tarsal bone (T3)8. Distal intertarsal joint9. Central tarsal bone (Tc)

10. Proximal intertarsal joint11. Trochlea tali12. Tarsocrural joint

Fig. 14-26 Dorsoplantar Radiograph of Canine Tarsus.1. Body of fibula2. Tuber calcanei3. Lateral malleolus of fibula4. Body of calcaneus5. Proximal intertarsal (calcaneoquartal) joint6. T47. Tarsometatarsal joints8. Base of Mt59. Mt4

10. Mt311. Mt212. Mt113. T314. Superimposed T1 and T215. Tc16. Proximal intertarsal (talocalcaneocentral) joint17. Talus18. Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus19. Medial malleolus of tibia20. Tarsocrural joint21. Common calcanean tendon superimposed on tibia22. Body of tibia



Fig. 14-27 Dorsolateral-Plantaromedial Oblique Radio-graph of Canine Tarsus.1. Tuber calcanei2. Proximal intertarsal (calcaneoquartal) joint3. T44. Tarsometatarsal joints5. Base of Mt56. Mt47. Mt38. Mt29. Distal intertarsal joint

10. Tc11. Proximal intertarsal (talocalcaneocentral) joint12. Sustentaculum tali of calcaneus13. Medial malleolus of tibia14. Tarsocrural joint

Fig. 14-28 Dorsoplantar Radiograph of Canine Pes.1. Tarsocrural joint2. Talus3. Proximal intertarsal (talocalcaneocentral) joint4. Tc5. Superimposed T1 and T26. Mt27. Mt38. Proximal sesamoid bones of digit 39. Metatarsophalangeal joint of digit 2

10. Pp of digit 211. Metatarsal pad12. Digital pad of digit 313. Pd of digit 314. Unguicular process of Pd of digit 415. Pm of digit 416. Mt417. Mt518. Tarsometatarsal joints19. T420. Proximal intertarsal (calcaneoquartal) joint21. Calcaneus



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Fig. 14-29 Mediolateral Radiograph of Canine Pes withDigits Spread.1. Superficial digital flexor (SDF) tendon2. Tuber calcanei3. Calcaneus4. Proximal intertarsal (calcaneoquartal) joint5. T46. Base of Mt57. Body of Mt58. Proximal sesamoid bones of digit 59. Pp of digit 5

10. Tape used in positioning11. Metatarsal pad12. DIJ of digit 413. Flexor tubercle of Pd of digit 414. Pm of digit 415. Unguicular process of Pd of digit 316. Unguicular crest of Pd of digit 317. PIJ of digit 418. Metatarsophalangeal joint of digit 419. Tarsometatarsal joints20. Distal intertarsal joint21. Proximal intertarsal (talocalcaneocentral) joint22. Trochlea of talus23. Tarsocrural joint

Fig. 14-30 Mediolateral Radiograph of Equine ShoulderJoint.1. Air in trachea2. Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula3. Coracoid process of scapula4. Neck of scapula5. Spine of scapula6. Medial edge of glenoid fossa7. Head of humerus8. Neck of humerus9. Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

10. Cranial surface of humerus11. Pointed distal end of intermediate tubercle12. Floor of lateral part of intertubercular groove13. Floor of medial part of intertubercular groove14. Cranial part of lesser tubercle15. Intermediate tubercle of humerus16. Cranial part of greater tubercle17. Glenoid notch in medial edge of glenoid fossa



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Fig. 14-31 Mediolateral Radiograph of Equine Elbow Joint.1. Body of radius2. Radial tuberosity3. Head of radius4. Trochlea of humeral condyle (medial)5. Capitulum of humeral condyle (lateral)6. Radial fossa of humerus7. Nutrient canal of humerus (medial)8. Olecranon fossa of humerus9. Lateral epicondyle of humerus

10. Medial epicondyle of humerus11. Tuber olecrani12. Trochlear notch of ulna13. Anconeal process of ulna14. Proximal radioulnar joint15. Proximal interosseous space

Fig. 14-32 Craniocaudal Radiograph of Equine ElbowJoint.1. Medial epicondyle of humerus2. Medial coronoid process of ulna3. Head of radius4. Radial tuberosity5. Proximal interosseous space6. Trochlea of humeral condyle7. Capitulum of humeral condyle8. Eminence for lateral collateral ligament9. Lateral coronoid process of ulna

10. Lateral epicondyle of humerus11. Tuber olecrani12. Olecranon fossa of humerus



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Fig. 14-33 Dorsopalmar Radiograph of Left Equine Carpus.1. Medial styloid process of radius2. Lateral styloid process of ulna3. Projection at proximomedial aspect of medial styloid process

of radius4. Vascular channels5. Caudolateral border of medial styloid process of radius6. Junction of carpal articular surface with cranial surface of

radius7. Radial carpal bone8. Intermediate carpal bone9. Ulnar carpal bone

10. Accessory carpal bone11. C212. C313. C414. Medial border of palmar process of C315. Mc216. Mc417. Mc318. Vascular channel19. Antebrachiocarpal joint20. Carpometacarpal joints21. Middle carpal joint22. Shadow cast by dorsal aspects of carpometacarpal joints23. Shadow cast by palmar aspects of carpometacarpal joints

Fig. 14-34 Lateromedial Radiograph of Left Equine Carpus.1. Ridges on cranial surface of radius2. Ridge adjacent to lateral border of common digital extensor

tendon3. Caudal border of radial trochlea4. Transverse crest of radius5. Medial part of carpal articular surface6. Intermediate part of carpal articular surface7. Lateral part of carpal articular surface8. Accessory carpal bone9. Dorsodistal border of radial carpal bone

10. Dorsodistal border of intermediate carpal bone11. Proximal process of Ci12. Dorsal surface of ulnar carpal bone13. Articulation of Ca with Cu14. Palmar border of Cu15. Palmar border of Ci16. Palmar border of Cr17. Dorsal border of C218. Dorsal border of C319. Dorsal border of C420. Palmar border of C221. Palmar border of C322. Palmar border of C423. Proximal border of C224. Proximal border of C325. Proximal border of C426. Mc427. Mc228. Metacarpal tuberosity29. Antebrachiocarpal joint30. Middle carpal joint31. Carpometacarpal joints



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Fig. 14-35 Lateromedial Radiograph of Flexed Left EquineCarpus.1. Antebrachiocarpal joint2. Middle carpal joint3. Carpometacarpal joints4. Medial border of medial part of carpal articular surface5. Lateral border of medial part of carpal articular surface6. Medial styloid process7. Shadows from caudal aspect of intermediate part of radial

trochlea8. Lateral styloid process9. Transverse crest of radius

10. Accessory carpal bone11. Dorsoproximal border of Cr12. Dorsoproximal border of Ci13. Dorsoproximal border of Cu14. Dorsodistal border of Cr (isolated)15. Dorsodistal border of Ci16. Dorsodistal border of Cu17. Palmar border of Cr18. Palmar border of Ci19. Palmar border of Cu20. Dorsal border of C321. Dorsal border of C422. Dorsal border of C223. Mc324. Third carpometacarpal joint25. Second carpometacarpal joint26. Mc227. Mc428. Fourth carpometacarpal joint

Fig. 14-36 Dorsolateral-Palmaromedial Oblique Radio-graph of Left Equine Carpus.1. Radiolucent area at line of fusion between lateral styloid

process and radius2. Lateral styloid process3. Medial part of radial trochlea4. Lateral styloid process5. Radial carpal bone6. Intermediate carpal bone7. Ulnar carpal bone8. Articulations of accessory carpal bone with lateral styloid

process and ulnar carpal bone9. C3

10. C211. C412. Palmar projection of C413. Mc414. Mc215. Mc316. Location of metacarpal interosseous ligaments17. Distal aspect of dorsomedial border of Cr (isolated)



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Fig. 14-37 Dorsomedial-Palmarolateral Oblique Radio-graph of Left Equine Carpus.1. Projection of radius for attachment of medial collateral

ligament2. Ridge that forms lateral border of groove for common digital

extensor tendon3. Proximal border of accessory carpal bone4. Accessory carpal bone5. Medial styloid process of radius6. Lateral styloid process7. Ridge on caudal aspect of radius8. Ridge at junction of cranial surface of radius with carpal

articular surface9. Dorsolateral border of Cr

10. Dorsolateral borders of Cu and Ci11. Proximal surface of Cr12. Proximal surface of Ci13. Proximal surface of Cu14. Palmaromedial border of Cr15. Palmaromedial border of Ci16. Palmaromedial border of Cu17. C218. C319. C420. Dorsolateral borders of C3 and C421. Articulation between C2 and Mc222. Mc223. Articulation between C3 and Mc324. Mc325. Inconstant articulation between C3 and Mc226. Mc4

Fig. 14-38 Dorsoproximal-Dorsodistal Oblique Radiographof Proximal Row of Equine Carpal Bones.1. Dorsal surface of radial carpal bone2. Dorsal surface of intermediate carpal bone3. Dorsal surface of ulnar carpal bone4. Radius5. Carpal articular surface of radial trochlea6. Dorsal surfaces of distal carpal bones7. Accessory carpal bone8. Mc29. Mc3

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Fig. 14-39 Dorsoproximal-Dorsodistal Oblique Radiographof Distal Row of Equine Carpal Bones.1. Dorsal surface of C22. Dorsal surface of C33. Dorsal surface of C44. Dorsal surface of radial carpal bone5. Dorsal surface of intermediate carpal bone6. Dorsal surface of ulnar carpal bone7. Radius8. Accessory carpal bone9. Interosseous space between Cr and Ci



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Fig. 14-40 Lateromedial Radiograph of Left EquineMetacarpophalangeal Joint.1. Distal end (head) of small metacarpal bone2. Dorsal part of sagittal ridge of Mc33. Palmar part of sagittal ridge of Mc34. Metacarpophalangeal joint5. Proximal sesamoid bones6. Ergot7. Straight sesamoid ligament8. Proximal interphalangeal joint

Fig. 14-41 Lateromedial Radiograph of Left EquineMetacarpophalangeal Joint with Right Limb Lifted toIncrease Weight on Left Limb.1. SDF tendon2. Interosseus3. Deep digital flexor (DDF) tendon4. Dorsoproximal aspect of Pp5. Subtle transverse ridge on head of Mc36. Distinct transverse ridge at palmar edge of articular surface7. Palmar annular ligament of metacarpophalangeal joint8. SDF tendon9. Ergot

10. Increased distance between proximal sesamoid bones and Pp(see Fig. 14-40)

11. DDF tendon12. Distal digital annular ligament



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Fig. 14-42 Lateromedial Radiograph of Flexed Left EquineMetacarpophalangeal Joint.1. Sagittal ridge on head of Mc32. Dorsoproximal aspect of Pp3. Distal end of small metacarpal bone4. Proximal sesamoid bones5. Ergot6. DDF tendon Fig. 14-43 Dorsoproximal-Palmarodistal Oblique Radio-

graph of Left Equine Metacarpophalangeal Joint.1. Lateral proximal sesamoid bone2. Depression in interosseus (abaxial) surface of medial proximal

sesamoid bone for attachment of interosseus tendon3. Palmaroproximal edge of Pp4. Depression in Mc3 for attachment of lateral collateral ligament

of metacarpophalangeal joint5. Sagittal ridge on head of Mc36. Area of oblique ridge on palmar surface of Pp for attachment

oblique sesamoid ligament7. Nutrient canal through dorsal cortex of Pp8. Lateral distal collateral tubercle of Pp



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Fig. 14-44 Dorsolateral-Palmaromedial Oblique Radio-graph of Left Equine Metacarpophalangeal Joint.1. Distal end of Mc42. Dorsoproximal aspect of Pp3. Depression in interosseus surface of medial proximal sesamoid

bone for attachment of interosseus tendon4. Palmaroabaxial border of lateral proximal sesamoid bone5. Lateral proximal collateral tubercle of Pp6. Ergot7. Lateral distal collateral tubercle of Pp8. Proximal interphalangeal joint

Fig. 14-45 Lateromedial Radiograph of Left EquineForedigit.1. PIJ2. Extensor process of Pd3. DIJ4. Part of DIJ that extends between Pd and the distal sesamoid

(navicular) bone5. Proximal extent of tubular horn forming stratum medium of

hoof wall6. Junction of stratum medium and laminar horn of stratum

internum7. Transverse part of sole canal of Pd; accommodates terminal

arch of digital vessels8. Sole border of Pd9. Planum cuneatum (sole surface) of Pd

10. Vascular channels extending from sole canal to sole border ofPd

11. Flexor surface of Pd12. Flexor surface of navicular bone13. Superimposed medial and lateral palmar processes of Pd14. Radiolucent areas created by fat within synovial folds15. Borders of DDF tendon; defined by fat within synovial folds

of digital sheath



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Fig. 14-47 Dorsal 65-Degree Proximal-PalmarodistalOblique Radiograph of Left Equine Foredigit.1. PIJ2. Medial palmar process of Pd3. Proximal border of navicular bone4. Vascular foramina and synovial fossae along distal border of

navicular bone5. Air within central groove of frog6. Lateral extremity of navicular bone7. Sole canal of Pd8. DIJ9. Articulation of Pd with navicular bone; part of DIJ

10. Sole border of Pd11. Crena marginis solaris12. Apex of frog13. Vascular channel from sole canal to sole border of Pd

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Fig. 14-46 Dorsopalmar Radiograph of Left EquineForedigit.1. PIJ2. Lateral distal collateral tubercle of Pp3. Medial proximal collateral tubercle of Pm4. Extensor process of Pd5. Wall of depression in Pm for attachment of medial collateral

ligament of DIJ6. DIJ7. Lateral extremity of navicular bone8. Lateral palmar process of Pd9. Foramen in lateral palmar process of Pd that accommodates

dorsal branches of digital vessels10. Medial sole foramen of Pd; receives digital vessels as they

enter sole canal11. Sole border of Pd; typically irregular because of notches for

vascular channels12. Medial collateral groove of frog13. Central groove of frog14. Notch in sole border associated with vascular channel from

sole canal of Pd



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Fig. 14-48 Dorsoproximolateral-Palmarodistomedial ObliqueRadiograph of Left Equine Foredigit.1. DIJ2. Articulation of Pd with navicular bone; part of DIJ3. Lateral extremity of navicular bone4. Air within lateral collateral groove of frog5. Lateral palmar process of Pd6. Sole canal of Pd7. End-on perspective of vascular channel from sole canal to pari-

etal surface of Pd8. Vascular channel from sole canal to sole border of Pd9. Lateral parietal groove of Pd; accommodates dorsal branches

of digital vessel

Fig. 14-49 Palmaroproximal-Palmarodistal Oblique Radio-graph of Left Equine Foredigit.1. Proximal border of hoof wall2. Lateral extremity of navicular bone3. Sole border of Pd4. Lateral palmar process of Pd5. Foramen of lateral palmar process6. Air within central groove of frog7. Articulation of Pm with navicular bone; part of DIJ8. Sagittal ridge of navicular bone9. Flexor surface of navicular bone

10. DDF tendon11. Air within medial collateral groove of frog

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Fig. 14-50 Ventromedial-Dorsolateral Oblique Radiograph ofEquine Hip Joint (8 Months Old).1. Body of ilium2. Cranioventral border of acetabulum3. Craniodorsal border of acetabulum4. Proximal physis (epiphyseal cartilage) of femur5. Shadow created by caudal edge of lesser trochanter6. Radiolucent area created by trochanteric fossa of femur7. Cartilaginous junction between greater trochanter and femoral

body8. Greater trochanter of femur, caudal part9. Tuber ischiadicum

10. Cartilaginous pelvic symphysis11. Body of ischium12. Caudoventral border of acetabulum13. Obturator foramen14. Radiolucent area created by acetabular fossa15. Radiolucent area created by groove on ventral surface of pubis

for accessory ligament of femoral head16. Radiolucent area created by fovea capitis of femoral head17. Cranial edge of acetabular notch



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Fig. 14-51 Lateromedial Radiograph of Equine Stifle Joint.1. Supracondylar fossa of femur for SDF2. Medial tubercle of intercondylar eminence3. Lateral condyle of femur4. Medial condyle of femur5. Lateral tubercle of intercondylar eminence6. Lateral condyle of tibia7. Medial condyle of tibia8. Fibula9. Extensor groove of tibia

10. Groove for intermediate patellar ligament11. Lateral part of tibial tuberosity12. Cranial intercondylar area of tibia13. Medial ridge of femoral trochlea14. Extensor fossa of femur15. Lateral ridge of femoral trochlea16. Apex of patella17. Articular surface of patella, gliding part18. Articular surface of patella, resting part19. Base of patella

Fig. 14-52 Caudocranial Radiograph of Equine Stifle Joint.1. Intercondylar fossa of femur2. Medial tubercle of intercondylar eminence3. Medial epicondyle of femur4. Medial condyle of femur5. Medial meniscus and femorotibial joint6. Medial condyle of tibia7. Cranial margin of tibia8. Body of fibula9. Head of fibula

10. Lateral part of tibial tuberosity11. Lateral condyle of tibia12. Lateral meniscus and femorotibial joint13. Depression for origin of popliteus muscle14. Lateral tubercle of intercondylar eminence15. Lateral epicondyle of femur16. Lateral ridge of femoral trochlea17. Patella



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Fig. 14-53 Caudolateral-Craniomedial Oblique Radiographof Equine Stifle Joint.1. Medial condyle of femur2. Lateral condyle of femur3. Medial tubercle of intercondylar eminence4. Lateral tubercle of intercondylar eminence5. Medial meniscus and femorotibial joint6. Medial condyle of tibia7. Head of fibula8. Body of fibula9. Extensor groove of tibia

10. Tibial tuberosity11. Extensor fossa of femur12. Lateral ridge of femoral trochlea13. Groove of femoral trochlea14. Femoropatellar joint15. Patella

Fig. 14-54 Dorsoplantar Radiograph of Left Equine Tarsus.1. Medial groove of tibial cochlea2. Lateral groove of tibial cochlea3. Oblique ridge separating medial and lateral grooves of tibial

cochlea4. Pointed caudal end of oblique ridge5. Rounded cranial end of oblique ridge6. Medial malleolus7. Caudal part of lateral malleolus8. Cranial part of lateral malleolus9. Radiopaque shadow

10. Talus11. Calcaneus12. Lateral ridge of trochlea tali13. Proximal tubercle of talus14. Distal tubercle of talus15. Medial ridge of trochlea tali16. Groove between lateral and medial ridges of trochlea tali17. Medial edge of sustentaculum tali18. Proximal intertarsal (talocalcaneocentral) joint19. Tuber calcanei20. Proximal intertarsal (calcaneoquartal) joint21. Proximoplantar aspect of Tc22. Medial aspect of Tc23. Lateral aspect of Tc24. Distal intertarsal (centrodistal) joint25. Fused first and second tarsal bones (T1+2)26. Articulation between T1+2 and Mt227. Medial aspect of T328. Lateral aspect of T329. Radiopaque lines produced by walls of nonarticular depres-

sions on T330. T431. Tarsometatarsal joints (also articulation between T1+2 and

Mt2)32. Base of Mt233. Base of Mt4



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Fig. 14-55 Lateromedial Radiograph of Left Equine Tarsus.1. Lateral malleolus2. Medial malleolus3. Radiopaque line produced by ridge on caudal surface of tibia4. Medial part of caudal surface of tibia5. Sustentaculum tali6. Tuber calcanei7. Lateral ridge of trochlea tali8. Medial ridge of trochlea tali9. Larger notch associated with lateral ridge of trochlea tali

10. Intermediate part of tibial cochlea11. Groove of trochlea tali12. PIJ13. Articular facets between talus and calcaneus14. Plantar aspect of PIJ15. Articulation between Tc and T1+216. Distal intertarsal joint17. Base of Mt218. Base of Mt319. Base of Mt420. Tarsometatarsal joint21. Groove on Mt3 for dorsal metatarsal artery 322. Chestnut (torus tarseus)

Fig. 14-56 Dorsolateral-Plantaromedial Oblique Radio-graph of Left Equine Tarsus.1. Cranial aspect of medial malleolus2. Shadows produced by borders of groove in lateral malleolus3. Distal projection of medial malleolus4. Distal projection of lateral malleolus5. Caudal aspect of intermediate ridge of tibial cochlea6. Cranial aspect of intermediate ridge of tibial cochlea7. Medial ridge of trochlea tali8. Lateral ridge of trochlea tali9. Radiopaque area produced by distal tubercle of talus

10. Sinus tarsi11. Dorsomedial aspect of PIJ12. Dorsomedial aspect of DIJ13. Dorsomedial aspect of third tarsometatarsal joint14. Ridge on dorsomedial aspect of T315. Nonarticular area between Tc and T316. Dorsal opening of tarsal canal17. Plantar opening of tarsal canal18. Plantar tuberosity on T419. Base of Mt420. Articulation between T4 and Mt421. Interosseous space between Mt3 and Mt422. Mt223. Chestnut24. Tendons crossing flexor surface of tarsus



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Fig. 14-57 Dorsomedial-Plantarolateral Oblique Radiographof Left Equine Tarsus.1. Sustentaculum tali2. Distal extremity of medial malleolus3. Distal extremity of lateral malleolus4. Intermediate ridge of tibial cochlea5. Lateral ridge of trochlea tali6. Notch distal to lateral ridge of trochlea tali7. Medial ridge of trochlea tali8. Dorsolateral aspect of proximal intertarsal joint9. Dorsolateral aspect of distal intertarsal joint

10. Dorsolateral aspect of third tarsometatarsal joint11. Dorsal aspect of T412. Plantaromedial aspect of Tc13. Plantaromedial aspect of T1+214. Plantaromedial aspect of Mt 215. Nonarticular depression between Tc and T316. Chestnut17. Articulation between T1+2 and Tc18. Articulation between T1+2 and T319. Articulation between T1+2 and Mt 220. Mt421. Mt322. Radiopaque line produced by border of groove for dorsal

metatarsal artery 3


CHAPTER • 14 - UFPRdigima/leitura/Atlas radiografico do... · interest is necessary.The purpose...

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