CHAPTER 13 THE CONSOLIDATION OF THE LARGE NATION-STATES:THE IDEA OF THE NATION STATE &THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY

Artola, Arabiye

Quintana, Melissa

Wadutumi, Tausi

Period 2

1859-1871 What was going on?

Formation of new German empireUnified kingdom of ItalyDual Monarchy of Austria-HungaryChanges in tsarist RussiaCentral authority in USAUnited Dominion of Canada“Europeanization” of the Empire of Japan

New technologies and the rapid development of new industries strengthened the political power of nation states which became strong social and economic shaping forces in modern societies.

The idea of the Nation-State Before 1860, two prominent European nation states: Great Britain and

France Characteristic political organizations were small states comprising of

fragments of a nation in central Europe (mixture of small and large non national states and empires were found around the world)○ Portugal, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries were small

and peripheral nation states. 1860-1870: nation-state system prevailed (consolidation of large nations

became a model for other peoples) Nation state concept brought people together into larger units and broke

them apart into smaller ones. ○ Ottoman Empire = Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania BECAME INDEPENDENT

French Revolution+ Napoleonic domination of Europe+ failure of patriotic aspirations in Germany + Italy + Central Europe in the Revolution of 1848 = all contributed to the establishment of national ideas

19th century: nationalism, national unity, independence and the creation of the nation state became : Secular faith

Nation state: supreme political authority rests upon and represents the will and feeling of its inhabitants.

National Consolidation Constitutional Progress

Governments found that they could not effectively rule without this sense of membership

Parliaments were set up in:○ Italy○ Germany○ Japan○ Canada○ Russia

ONLY REALIZED THROUGH A SERIES OF WARS

The Crimean War 1854-1856 Importance:

On of the long series of Russo-Turkish wars

It seriously weakened Austria and Russia, nations that wanted to preserve the Treaty of Vienna of 1815

First war to be covered by newspaper correspondents

First war in which women avidly participated in; they became army nurses and were led by Florence Nightingale

How did it begin? Tsar Nicholas I of Russia wanted to take

advantage of the decaying Ottoman Empire and decided to move into two Danubian principalities: Wallachia and Moldavia (aka Romania)

His excuse was that he wanted to “protect” the Christians in the Ottoman empire

The French disagreed, they believed that they were the official protectors of these Christians as they always been involved in Middle Eastern affairs They provided large amounts of trade, financed

Christians missions, and were building the Suez Canal. They pushed the Turks to resist Russian penetration

War between Russia and Turkey broke out in 1853

What happened? In 1854, France and Great Britain (they were later joined by

Piedmont) had joined the side of the Turks and had agreed to protect Turkey and the Middle East from the Russians

The British successful blockade Russia in the Baltic and Black Sea outlets

Most of the fighting was confined to the Crimean Peninsula Austria did not want Russia nor the Westerns power involved in the

peninsula so they mobilized and drove the Russian out of the Danubian principalities

Peace in 1856 Alexander II, Tsar Nicholas’s

successor, agreed to peace seeing as he did not have much of a choice

Peace of Paris Treaty 1856: Pledged to “maintain the integrity of the

Ottoman Empire” Russian gave ups its claims to protect

the Christians in the Turkish empire Romania and Serbia were recognized

as self-governing principalities under the protection of the European powers

Now that Austria and Russia were weak, this gave opportunity for the consolidation of new nation-states like Italy

The Beginning of Italian Nationalism Italy consisted of several large states

and a few very small ones These governments were separated

from their people, leading to a desire for a new liberal national state

This sparked the Italian Risorgimento: a desire to return to the prosperity of ancient times and the Renaissance Joseph Mazzini merged the concept of

Italian unity and holiness to give the Italian Risorgimento a moral purpose

The events of 1848 proved that nationalism was not possible when the papacy could no longer support nationalism and it was proven that italy could not rid themselves of the Austrian presence

The Program of Cavour The prime minister of Piedmont, Camillo do

Cavour then made Piedmont a model of progress, efficiency, and fair government He implemented constitutional and parliamentary

practices He was largely anticlerical; he reduced the rights of

church bodies and religious holidays He embraced a “politics of reality”: he was willing to

work with Republicans although he didn’t approve of them and entered war to pit France and Austria against each other in order to remove the Austrian presence from Italy○ Cavour tricked Austria into declaring war with French

military support○ The French and Piedmont won two major battles (Magenta

and Solferino in 1859) but revolution broke out in Italy and the French blamed Napoleon III for the war

○ Napoleon III made a separate peace with Austria which gave Lombardy to Piedmont and presented Italy with a government presided over by the pope

○ Revolutions kept spreading, however, with smaller states overthrowing their rulers and joining Piedmot

The Completion of Italian Unity Giuseppe Garibaldi, a Piedmontese republican

organized about 1,510 Red Shirts (Garibaldi’s Thousand) for an armed expedition to the south

The government of the Two Sicilies fell quickly as it was corrupt and inspired little loyalty from its population

Cavour wanted to avoid the international scandal which would occur if Garibaldi’s army met up with the French army in Rome, so he sent a Piedmont army to Naples

When the two armies met, monarch Victor Emmanuel and the chief of the Red Shirts rode together through Naples

Thus in 1861, “Italy was ‘made’ ...It had been made by the long high-minded apostolate of Mazzini, the audacity of Garibaldi, the cold policy of Cavour, by war and insurrection, by armed violence endorsed by popular vote.” Venetia (1866) and Rome (1870) were later added

Persistent Problems after Unification Unification did not settle or end very much

Nationalists wanted to expand Italy to other regions where they saw the Italia irredenta- “an unredeemed Italy”- waiting to be incorporated into the state

The Italian government’s occupation of Rome in 1870 divided the church and state○ Italian patriots were bound to be anticlerical and Catholics were

required to dislike Italy○ Regional differences between northern and southern Italy didn’t

change. The agrarian, religious south was seen as backwards by the north

Italy became parliamentary but not democratic. Suffrage was only given to 600,000 people of the 20 million Italians.○ The parliament was also corrupt and revolutionary emotions didn't

end ○ Garibaldi tried to seize Rome himself twice more