Chapter 13 Stress, Coping and Health. Table of Contents Principle types of stress include a....
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Transcript of Chapter 13 Stress, Coping and Health. Table of Contents Principle types of stress include a....
Chapter 13
Stress, Coping and Health
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Principle types of stress include a. conflict, fear, pressure b. anxiety, conflict, change c. change, frustration, pressure d. frustration, conflict, anxiety
– c. change, frustration, pressure
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In avoidance-avoidance conflicts a choice must be made a. whether to seek any goal b. whether to pursue a single goal that has
both attractive and unattractive aspects c. between two attractive goal d. between two unattractive goals
– d. between two unattractive goals
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An organism first recognizes the existence of a threat and physiological arousal occurs during the___ stage of the general adaptation syndrome a. alarm reaction b. resistance c. exhaustion d. flight-or-flight
– a. alarm reaction
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The Relationship Between Stress and Disease
Contagious diseases vs. chronic diseases – Biopsychosocial model– Health psychology
• Health promotion and maintenance– Discovery of causation, prevention, and treatment
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Stress: An Everyday Event
Major stressors vs. routine hassles– Cumulative nature of stress– Cognitive appraisals (Lazarus)
Major types of stress– Frustration – blocked goal– Conflict – two or more incompatible motivations
• Approach-approach, approach-avoidance, avoidance-avoidance– Change – having to adapt
• Holmes and Rahe – Social Readjustment Rating Scale – Life Change Units
– Pressure – expectations to behave in certain ways• Perform/conform
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Responding to Stress Emotionally
Emotional Responses– Annoyance, anger, rage– Apprehension, anxiety, fear– Dejection, sadness, grief– Positive emotions
Emotional response and performance– The inverted-U-hypothesis
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Responding to Stress Physiologically
Physiological Responses– Fight-or-flight response– Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome
• Alarm
• Resistance
• Exhaustion
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Some Psychological Stressors for High School StudentsLife Event Stress Points
Divorce of parents 98
Expulsion from school 79
Major injury or illness 77
Getting a job 62
Major illness of close friend 56
Peer difficulties 45
Moving away 41
Christmas 30
Vacation 25
Traffic ticket 22
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Pituitary hormone in the bloodstream stimulatesthe outer part of the adrenalgland to release the stress hormone cortisol
Sympathetic nervoussystem releases the stress hormonesepinephrine andnorepinephrinefrom nerve endings in the inner part ofthe adrenal glands
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Adrenal glands
Cerebral cortex(perceives stressor)
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Sequence of Steps in the Fight or Flight Behaviors
1. The brain appraises a situation as threatening and dangerous.
2. The lower brain structure secretes a stress hormone.
3. The stress hormone signals the adrenal glands to secrete adrenaline.
4. This causes the muscles to tense, the heart to beat faster, and the liver to send out sugar to be used in the muscles.
Fight or Flight (Walter Cannon)
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The General Adaptation Syndrome (Hans Selye)
Defined as a series of stages the body goes through when exposed to stressful situations.
1. The alarm stage is the initial stage where the body prepares for attack—either psychological or physical.
2. The second stage is called the stage of resistance. The body uses up a great amount of energy to prepare for the stressor.
3. The third stage is exhaustion. It is marked by body exhaustion and health problems.
Alarm Resistance Exhaustion
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Stress and Illness
General Adaptation Syndrome Selye’s concept of
the body’s adaptive response to stress in three stages
Stressresistance
Phase 1Alarm
reaction(mobilize
resources)
Phase 2Resistance(cope with stressor)
Phase 3Exhaustion(reservesdepleted)
The body’s resistance to stress canlast only so long before exhaustion sets in
Stressoroccurs
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Responding to Stress Behaviorally Behavioral Responses
– Frustration-aggression hypothesis
– catharsis
– defense mechanisms Coping - refers to active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate
the demands created by stress. These may involve giving up and blaming oneself (learned helplessness – passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events), striking out at others aggressively (usually the result of frustration…Dollard’s frustration-aggression hypothesis), self-indulgement (eating, drinking, smoking, shopping), defensive coping (erecting defense mechanisms), or constructive coping (realistically appraising situations and confronting problems directly).
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a increases in stress
b the Type A personality
c low levels of social support and pessimism
d high levels of social support and optimism
Increased levels of the immune system are associated with
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a.
have an increased risk of developing cancer
b.
have a decreased risk of developing cancer
c.
have an increased risk of developing heart disease
d.
have a decreased risk of developing heart disease
Research has demonstrated individuals with Type A personality
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a.
Andrew, who is a Type A personality
b.
Bill, who is a Type B personality
c.
Charles, who has high blood pressure and smokes
d.
Dennis, who is depressed
Of the following individuals, who would be least likely to develop heart disease?
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ANSWERS– D - high levels of social support and optimism– C - have an increased risk of developing heart disease– B - Bill, who is a Type B personality
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Effects of Stress: Behavioral and Psychological
Impaired Task performance - people under pressure to perform may feel self-conscious, which leads to disruption of attention and “choking” under pressure
Burnout - physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion that is attributable to long-term involvement in emotionally demanding situations…loss of meaning.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) - re-experiencing the traumatic event in the form of nightmares and flashbacks
Psychological problems and disorders Positive effects - stress can promote personal growth or
self-improvement, forcing people to develop new skills, reevaluate priorities, learn new insights
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Effects of Stress: Physical Psychosomatic diseases Heart disease - accounts for nearly one-third of the deaths in
the U.S. each year, and atherosclerosis, or gradual narrowing of the coronary arteries, is the principle cause of CHD. Risk factors for CHD include smoking, lack of exercise, high cholesterol levels, and high blood pressure.
Type A behavior - 3 elements• strong competitiveness• impatience and time urgency• anger and hostility
– Emotional reactions and depression Stress and immune functioning
– Reduced immune activity
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Stress and the Heart
Type A Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-
driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone
people Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
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Research on type A Personality
Time urgency & competitiveness not associated with poor health outcomes
Negative emotions, anger, aggressive reactivity
High levels of hostility increase chance of all disease (e.g., cancer)
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Explanatory style
Optimism – use external, unstable, & specific explanations for negative
events– predicts better health outcomes
Pessimism– use internal, stable, & global explanations for negative
events– predicts worse health outcomes
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Stress and the Heart
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Factors Moderating the Impact of Stress
Social support– Increased immune functioning
Optimism– More adaptive coping– Pessimistic explanatory style
Conscientiousness– Fostering better health habits
Autonomic reactivity– Cardiovascular reactivity to stress
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Health-Impairing Behaviors Smoking - A 25 year old male who smokes two packs a day
has an estimated life expectancy 8.3 years shorter than that of a similar, nonsmoker. Health risks decline quickly for those who give up smoking, but quitting is difficult and relapse rates are high
Poor nutrition & Lack of exercise - have been linked to heart disease, hypertension, and cancer, among other things
Alcohol and drug use - carry the immediate risk of overdose and the long-term risk of many diseases
Risky sexual behavior Transmission, misconceptions, and prevention of
AIDS - is transmitted through person-to-person contact involving the exchange of bodily fluids, primarily semen and blood
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Stress and Disease Negative emotions and health-related
consequences
Unhealthy behaviors(smoking, drinking,
poor nutrition and sleep)
Persistent stressorsand negative
emotions
Release of stresshormones
Heartdisease
Immunesuppression
Autonomic nervoussystem effects
(headaches,hypertension)
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Promoting Health
Aerobic Exercise sustained
exercise that increases heart and lung fitness
Depressionscore
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3 Before treatmentevaluation
After treatmentevaluation
No-treatmentgroup
Aerobicexercise
group
Relaxationtreatment
group
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Why Does Exercise Work?
Exercise and MoodReleases chemicals
-- norepinephrine
-- serotonin
-- endorphins
Sense of accomplishment
Improved physique
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Why Does Exercise Work?
Exercise and Health
Strengthens heart
Lowers blood pressure
Lowers blood pressure reactivity to stress
Moderate exercise adds two years to one’s expected life.
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BMI Classifications – Slide 30 BMI = 19-25; Normal; Low Risk BMI = 25-30; Moderately overweight; Some Risk BMI = 30-35; Class 1 obesity; High Risk BMI = 35-40; Class 2 obesity; Very High Risk BMI> 40; Class 3 obesity; Extreme Risk
BMI > 30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5'4" person for 2005 - CDC
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Reactions to Illness
Seeking treatment– Ignoring physical symptoms
Communication with health care providers– Barriers to effective communication
Following medical advice– Noncompliance
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Stress management techniques -adapted from Monat & Lazarus (1991)
Environment/Lifestyle: time management, proper nutrition, exercise, finding alternatives to frustrated goals, stopping bad habits
Personality/Perception: assertiveness training, thought stopping, refuting irrational ideas, stress inoculation, modifying type A behavior
Biological responses: progressive relaxation, relaxation response, meditation, breathing exercises, biofeedback, autogenics
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Relaxation Response – Benson
“The relaxation response is perhaps best understood as a psycho-physiological state of hypoarousal engendered by a multitude of diverse technologies [techniques]” (Everly, 1989, p.149)
Meditation - a self-generating practice of a variety of techniques designed to induce the relaxation response by use of a repetitive focal device
Progressive relaxation - relax selected muscles by first tensing then relaxing the muscles
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Stress Inoculation Trainingdeveloped by Donald Meichenbaum
Stage 1 - education - the person is given a framework for understanding his/her stress response
Stage 2 - rehearsal - the person learns to make cognitive self-statements as a form of coping and problem solving
Stage 3 - application - the person uses the information and skills learned in the first two stages in actual stress situations, moving from lower to higher stress situations