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• A mineral is a naturally formed, inorganic solid that has a definite crystalline structure.

How do we know if something is a mineral?• Does it have a crystalline structure? • Is it a nonliving material?• Is it a solid?• Is it formed in nature?

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Elements are pure substances that cannot be separated or broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Atoms and Compounds Minerals may be either elements or compounds.

A compound is a substance made of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds.

Crystal a solid whose atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite pattern

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A mineral that is composed of only one element is a Native Element and two examples are Gold and Silver.

Silicate minerals are minerals that contain a combination of silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals.

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• Nonsilicate minerals are minerals that do not contain compounds of silicon and oxygen. There are six main classes of nonsilicate minerals.

Native ElementsCarbonatesHalidesSulfatesSulfidesOxides

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Identifying Minerals

• Color - usually not the best way to identify a mineral.

• luster - the way a mineral reflects light is called• Metallic• Submetallic• Nonmetallic

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• Streak - The color of a mineral in powdered form • Not always the same as minerals color• Use streak plate

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Cleavage is the tendency of some minerals to break along smooth, flat surfaces.

Fracture is the tendency of some minerals to break unevenly along curved or irregular surfaces.

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• Hardness - a mineral’s resistance to being scratched is called

Mohs hardness scale.

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• Density is the measure of how much matter is in a given amount of space. Density is a ratio of an object’s mass to its volume.

• Different minerals have different densities.

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Special Properties

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Break

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Formation of Minerals

• Evaporating Salt Water When a body of salt water dries up, minerals such as gypsum and halite are left behind.

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• Metamorphic Rocks When changes in pressure, temperature, or chemical makeup alter a rock, metamorphism takes place.

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• Hot-Water Solutions Groundwater works its way downward and is heated by magma, and then reacts with minerals to form a hot liquid solution.

• Dissolved metals and other elements crystallize out of the hot fluid to form new minerals, such as gold, copper, sulfur, pyrite, and galena.

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• Limestones Surface water and groundwater carry dissolved materials into lakes and seas, where they crystallized on the bottom.

• Minerals that form in this environment include calcite and dolomite.

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• Pegmatites As magma rises upward from the Earth’s crust, it can form teardrop-shaped bodies called pegmatites.

• Many gemstones such as topaz and tourmaline, form in pegmatites.

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• Plutons As magma rises upward through the crust, it sometimes stops moving before it reaches the surface and cools slowly, forming millions of mineral crystals.

• Eventually, the entire magma body solidifies, forming minerals such as mica, feldspar, magnetite, and quartz.

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Mining

• Ore - a mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for profit.

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• Surface Mining When mineral deposits are located at or near the surface of the Earth, surface-mining methods are used to remove the minerals.

• Types of surface mines include open pits, surface coal mines, and quarries.

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Chapter 13• Subsurface Mining methods are used when mineral deposits are located too deep within the Earth to be surface mined.

• Subsurface mining often requires that passageways be dug into the Earth to reach the ore.

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•Mining can destroy or disturb the habitats of plants and animals.

• Waste products from a mine may get into water sources, which pollutes surface water and ground water.

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• Reclamation is the process by which land used for mining is returned to its original state.

• Reducing our need for minerals by recycling is another way to reduce the effects of mining.

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The Use of Minerals• Metallic Minerals are good conductors of heat and electricity. They can be processed for various uses, including building aircraft, automobiles, and communications and electronic equipment.

• Examples of useful metallic minerals include gold, silver, and copper.

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• Nonmetallic Minerals are good insulators of electricity. They have uses that range from glass-making to producing computer chips.

• Calcite, one nonmetallic mineral, is a major component of concrete, which is used in building roads, buildings, bridges and other structures.

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• Gemstones are highly valued for their beauty and rarity, than for their usefulness.

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