Chapter 12 Welding Quality Control - NAVY BMRnavybmr.com/study material/14250a/14250A_ch12.pdf ·...

Chapter 12

Welding Quality Control Topics

100 Introduction

200 Nondestructive Testing

300 Destructive Testing

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Overview To ensure the satisfactory performance of a welded structure the quality of the welds must be determined by adequate testing procedures Therefore they are proof tested under conditions that are the same or more severe than those encountered by the welded structures in the field These tests reveal weak or defective sections that can be corrected before the materiel is released for use in the field This chapter is designed to give you an understanding of what to look for and how to test the finished weld using nondestructive and destructive methods The weld should be inspected for undercut overlap surface checks cracks or other defects Also the degree of penetration and side wall fusion extent of reinforcement and size and position of the welds are important factors in the determination as to whether a welding job should be accepted or rejected because they all reflect the quality of the weld Always refer to the American Welding Society for guidance

Objectives When you have completed this chapter you will be able to do the following

1 Describe nondestructive testing 2 Describe destructive testing

Prerequisites None This course map shows all of the chapters in Steelworker Basic The suggested training order begins at the bottom and proceeds up Skill levels increase as you advance on the course map

NAVEDTRA 14250A 12-1

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2010-05-04T162037-0500

5229641

Introduction to Reinforcing Steel

S T E E L W O R K E R

B A S I C

Introduction to Structural Steel

Pre-Engineered Structures Buildings K-Spans Towers and Antennas

Rigging

Wire rope

Fiber Line

Layout and Fabrication of Sheet-Metal and Fiberglass Duct

Welding Quality Control

Flux Core Arc Welding-FCAW

Gas-Metal Arc Welding-GMAW

Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding-GTAW

Shielded Metal Arc Welding-SMAW

Plasma Arc Cutting Operations

Soldering Brazing Braze Welding Wearfacing

Gas Welding

Gas Cutting

Introduction to Welding

Basic Heat Treatment

Introduction to Types and Identification of Metal


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100 INTRODUCTION In the fabrication or repair of equipment tests are used to determine the quality and soundness of the welds There are many different methods of inspection and testing the most common methods will be covered in this chapter The uses of these methods wiII often depend on the code or specification that covered the welding Testing of a weldment may be done nondestructively or destructively The type of test used depends upon the requirements of the welds and the availability of testing equipment Nondestructive testing is used to locate defects in the weld and base metal There are many different nondestructive testing methods Some of the most widely used methods are visual magnetic particle liquid penetrant ultrasonic and radiographic Visual magnetic particle and liquid penetrant inspection are used to locate surface defects where ultrasonic and radiographic inspections are used to locate internal defects Destructive testing is used to determine the mechanical properties of the weld such as the strength ductility and toughness Destructive testing is also done by several methods depending on the mechanical properties being tested for Some of the most common types of destructive testing are tensile bar tests impact tests and bend tests All testing parameters are located in the American Welding Society American National Standards

200 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING Nondestructive testing (NDT) is a method of testing that does not destroy or impair the usefulness of a welded item These tests disclose all of the common internal and surface defects that can occur when improper welding procedures are used A large choice of testing devices is available and most of them are easier to use than the destructive methods especially when working on large and expensive items

210 Visual Inspection Visual inspection is the first method used when inspecting a weld for soundness It must take place prior to during and after welding Many standards require its use before other methods because there is no point in submitting an obviously bad weld to sophisticated inspection techniques The ANSIAWS Structural Welding Code states All welds shall be visually inspectedhellip Visual inspection requires little equipment Good eyesight and sufficient light a pocket rule a weld size gauge a magnifying glass and possibly a straight edge and square for checking straightness alignment and perpendicularity are all that is needed for a sufficient visual inspection Before the first welding arc is struck materials should be examined to see if they meet specifications for quality type size cleanliness and freedom from defects Grease paint oil oxide film or heavy scale should be removed The pieces to be joined should be checked for flatness straightness and dimensional accuracy Likewise alignment fit-up and joint preparation should be examined Finally process and procedure variables should be verified including electrode size and type equipment settings and provisions for preheat or postheat All of these precautions apply regardless of the inspection method being used

During fabrication visual examination of a weld bead and the end crater may reveal problems such as cracks inadequate penetration and gas or slag inclusions Among the weld detects that can be recognized visually are cracking surface slag in inclusions surface porosity and undercut NAVEDTRA 14250A 12-4

On simple welds inspecting at the beginning of each operation and periodically as work progresses may be adequate Where more than one layer of filler metal is being deposited however it may be desirable to inspect each layer before depositing the next The root pass of a multipass weld is the most critical to weld soundness It is especially susceptible to cracking and because it solidifies quickly it may trap gas and slag On subsequent passes conditions caused by the shape of the weld bead or changes in the joint configuration can cause further cracking as well as undercut and slag trapping Repair costs can be minimized if visual inspection detects these flaws before welding progresses

Visual inspection at an early stage of production can also prevent underwelding and overwelding Welds that are smaller than called for in the specifications cannot be tolerated Beads that are too large increase costs unnecessarily and can cause distortion through added shrinkage stress After welding visual inspection can detect a variety of surface flaws including cracks porosity and unfilled craters regardless of subsequent inspection procedures Dimensional variances warpage and appearance flaws as well as weld size characteristics can be evaluated

Before checking for surface flaws welds must be cleaned of slag Shot blasting should not be done before examination because the peening action may seal fine cracks and make them invisible The AWS Structural Welding Code for example does not allow peening on the root or surface layer of the weld or the base metal at the edges of the weld Visual inspection can only locate defects in the weld surface Specifications or applicable codes may require that the internal portion of the weld and adjoining metal zones be examined Nondestructive examinations may be used to determine the presence of a flaw but they cannot measure its influence on the serviceability of the product unless they are based on a correlation between the flaw and some characteristic that affects service Otherwise destructive tests are the only sure way to determine weld serviceability

220 Magnetic Particle Inspection Magnetic particle inspection is most effective for the detection of surface or near-surface flaws in welds It is used on ferrous metals or alloys in which you can induce magnetism While the test piece is magnetized a liquid containing finely ground iron powder is applied As long as the magnetic field is not disturbed the iron particles will form a regular pattern on the surface of the test piece When the magnetic field is interrupted by a crack or some other defect in the metal the pattern of the suspended ground metal is also interrupted The particles cluster around the defect making it easy to locate You can magnetize the test piece by either having an electric current pass through it as shown in Figure 12-1 or by having an Figure 12-1 mdash Circular

magnetization NAVEDTRA 14250A 12-5

electric current pass through a coil of wire that surrounds the test piece as shown in Figure 12-2 When an electric current flows in a straight line from one contact point to the other magnetic lines of force are in a circular direction as shown in Figure 12-1 When the current flow is through a coil around the test piece as shown in Figure 12-2 the magnetic lines of force are longitudinal through the test piece When a defect is to show up as a disturbance in the pattern of the iron particles the direction of the magnetic field must be at right angles to the major axis of the defect A magnetic field having the necessary direction is established when the current flow is parallel to the major axis of the defect Since the orientation of the defect is unknown different current directions must be used during the test As shown in Figure 12-1 circular magnetism is induced in the test piece so you can inspect the piece for lengthwise cracks while longitudinal magnetism as shown in Figure 12-2 is induced so you can inspect the piece for transverse cracks In general magnetic particle inspection is satisfactory for detecting surface cracks and subsurface cracks that are not more than 14 inch below the surface The type of magnetic particle inspection unit commonly used in the Navy is a portable low-voltage unit having a maximum magnetizing output of 1000 amperes either alternating or direct current It is ready to operate when plugged into the voltage supply specified by the manufacturer The unit consists of a magnetizing current source controls metering three 10-foot lengths of flexible cable and a prod kit The prod kit includes an insulated prod grip fitted with an ON-OFF relay or current control switch a pair of heavy copper contact prods and two 5-foot lengths of flexible cable Cable fittings are designed so that either end of the cable can be connected to the unit to the prods or to any other cable The three outlets on the front of the unit make changing from alternating to direct current or vice versa very easy The outlets are labeled as follows left is ac the center is COMMON and the right is dc One cable will always be plugged into the COMMON outlet while the other cable is plugged into either the ac or dc outlet depending upon what type of current the test requires For most work alternating current magnetization effectively locates fatigue cracks and similar defects extending through to the surface Use direct current when you require a more sensitive inspection to detect defects below the surface You can use the unit with alternating or direct current in either of two ways (1) with prods attached to the flexible cable and used as contacts for the current to pass into and out of a portion of the test piece setting up circular magnetization in the area between the prods contact points as shown in Figure 12-1 or (2) with the flexible cable wrapped around the work to form a coil that induces longitudinal magnetism in the part of the workpiece that is surrounded by the coiled cable (Figure 12-2) Although you can use either of these two methods the prod method is probably the easier to apply In most instances it effectively serves to detect surface defects With the prods however only a small area of the test piece can be magnetized at any one

Figure 12-2 mdash Longitudinal magnetization


time This magnetized area is limited to the distance between prod contact points and a few inches on each side of the current path To check the entire surface you must test each adjacent area by changing the location of the prod contact points Each area of the test piece must be inspected twicemdash once with the current passing through the metal in one direction and once with the current passing through the metal in a direction at right angles to the direction of the first test One of the advantages of the prod method is that the current can be easily passed through the metal in any desired direction Thus when a given area is suspect magnetic fields of different directions can be induced during the test The prod method is accomplished by adjusting the unit for a current output suitable for the magnetizing and testing of any particular kind of metal The current setting required depends on the distance between prod contact points With the prod kit that is supplied with the unit the space between prod contact points is 4 to 6 inches A current setting between 300 and 400 amperes is satisfactory when the material thickness is less than 34 inch When the material thickness is over 34 inch use 400 to 600 amperes When the prod contact points are closer together the same magnetic field force can be obtained with less current With prods constantly at the same spacing more current will induce greater field strength After adjusting the unit place the prods in position Hold them in firm contact with the metal and turn on the current Then apply magnetic particles to the test area with the duster bulb and look for any indicator patterns With the current still on remove the excess particles from the test area with a blower bulb and complete the inspection Do not move the prods until after the current has been turned off Doing so could cause the current to arc resulting in a flash similar to that occurring in arc welding When you use magnetic particle inspection hairline cracks that are invisible are readily indicated by an unmistakable outline of the defect Large voids beneath the surface are easier to detect than small voids but any defect below the surface is more difficult to detect than one that extends through to the surface Since false indications frequently occur you must be able to interpret the particle indications accurately The factors that help you interpret the test results include the amount of magnetizing current applied the shape of the indication the sharpness of the outline the width of the pattern and the height or buildup of the particles Although these characteristics do not determine the seriousness of the fault they do serve to identify the kind of defect (Figure 12-3) The indication of a crack is a sharp well-defined pattern of magnetic particles having a definite buildup This indication is produced by a relatively low-magnetizing current Seams are revealed by a straight sharp fine indication The buildup of particles is relatively weak and the magnetizing current must be higher than that required to detect cracks Small porosity and rounded indentations or similar defects are difficult to detect for inexperienced inspectors A high-magnetizing current continuously applied is usually required The particle patterns for these defects are fuzzy in outline and have a medium buildup

Figure 12-3 mdash Magnetic particle inspection


The specifications governing the job determine whether an indicated defect is to be chipped or ground out and repaired by welding Surface cracks are always removed and repaired The inspector evaluates indications of subsurface defects detected by magnetic particle inspection When the indication is positive the standard policy is to grind or chip down to solid metal and make the repair Unless the inspector can differentiate accurately between true and false indications the use of magnetic particle inspection should be restricted to the detection of surface defects for which this application is almost foolproof After the indicated defects have been repaired you should reinspect the areas to ensure that the repair is sound The final step in magnetic particle inspection is to demagnetize the workpiece This is especially important when the workpiece is made of high-carbon steel Demagnetization is essential when you use direct current to induce the magnetic field however it is not as necessary when alternating current was used in the test In fact the usual demagnetization procedure involves placing the workpiece in an ac coil or solenoid and slowly withdrawing it while current passes through the coil Demagnetization can be accomplished with the portable unit if a special demagnetizer is not available To demagnetize with the portable unit form a coil of flexible cable around the workpiece Ensure that the cable is plugged into the unit for the delivery of alternating current Set the current regulator to deliver a current identical to that used for the inspection and turn on the unit Gradually decrease the current until the ammeter indicates zero On large pieces it may be necessary to demagnetize a small portion of the work at a time A check for the presence of a magnetic field may be made by using a small compass A deviation of the needle from the normal position when the compass is held near the workpiece is an indication that a magnetic field is present In addition you can use an instrument called a field indicator to check for the presence of a magnetic field This instrument usually comes with the magnetic particle inspection unit

230 Liquid Penetrant Inspection Liquid penetrant inspection is one of the oldest simplest least expensive and most reliable nondestructive examination methods For welds to perform as intended they should be free of flaws or if any flaws exist they are evaluated for their significance Liquid penetrant inspection is used to detect any surface-connected discontinuities such as cracks from fatigue quenching and grinding as well as fractures porosity incomplete fusion and flaws in joints Liquid penetrant inspection is especially suited to weld inspection for the following reasons

bull It can easily be used on small and large surfaces bull It can be used indoors or outdoors bull It can be used in most configurations ie on welded surfaces that are upright

sideways or upside down bull It can be used in remote locations bull It can be used on ferrous and nonferrous materials including plastics and

ceramics bull It will detect a wide variety of discontinuities ranging in size from those readily

visible down to microscopic level NAVEDTRA 14250A 12-8

Liquid penetrant inspection is simple and easy However there are several types of penetrant materials and it is important to match the materials with the application Liquid penetrant inspections involve using a specific dye penetrant material and two or three related materials Each one has been formulated to fulfill a specific function in the inspection process The liquid penetrant inspection process consists of six steps each involving a specific penetrant product

1 Precleaning 2 Penetrant application 3 Penetrant removal 4 Developer application 5 Examination 6 Postcleaning

Penetrant removal and developer application are the most critical steps in the process Penetrant materials are qualified approved and verified according to Aerospace Material Specifications 2644 Liquid Penetrants and are divided into two types Type 1 penetrants are fluorescent and inspections are done under ultraviolet light Type 2 penetrants contain visible dyes normally red and inspections are conducted under white light Type 1 fluorescent penetrants are available in five sensitivities ranging from ultralow level frac12 to ultrahigh level 4 Type 2 visible penetrants have no sensitivity classifications Both fluorescent and visible penetrants are approved for use in four different penetrant inspection methods These methods relate to how excess penetrant mdashmaterial that has not entered the flaws mdashis removed prior to actual inspection Method A is water washable where water is sprayed or wiped on the part Method B is post-emulsifiable lipophilic where a part is dipped in a lipophilic emulsifier and then rinsed with water

bull Lipophilic emulsifiers are capable of being mixed with penetrants in all concentrations However if the concentration of penetrant contamination in the emulsifier becomes too great the mixture will not function effectively as a remover AMS 2644 requires that lipophilic emulsifiers be capable of 20 penetrant contamination without a reduction in performance AMS 2647A requires the emulsifier to be replaced when its cleaning action is less than that of new material Since lipophilic emulsifiers are oil based they have a limited tolerance for water When the tolerance level is reached the emulsifier starts to thicken and will eventually form a gel as more water is added AMS 2644 requires that lipophilic emulsifiers be formulated to function adequately with at least 5 water contamination and AMS 2647A requires that lipophilic emulsifiers be replaced when the water concentration reaches 5

Method C is solvent removable where a solvent is wiped on the part This is the process most used in inspecting welds


hydrophilic emulsifier solution and then rinsed with water Method D is post-emulsifiable hydrophilic where a part is dipped or sprayed with a

bull Hydrophilic emulsifiers have less tolerance for penetrant contamination The penetrant tolerance varies with emulsifier concentration and the type of contaminating penetrant In some cases as little as 1 (by volume) penetrant contamination can seriously affect the performance of an emulsifier One penetrant manufacturer reports that 1 to 15 penetrant contamination will affect solutions with a 10 concentration of emulsifier As the emulsifier concentration increases in the solution the penetrant contamination tolerance also increases and a solution with a 30 emulsifier concentration can tolerate from 5 to 85 penetrant contamination The percentage of added penetrant required to destroy washability of the emulsifier can be measured An oil tolerance index is commonly used to compare the tolerance of different emulsifiers to contamination by penetrants AMS 2647A requires that the emulsification bath be discarded if penetrant is noted floating on the surface or adhering to the sides of the tank Water contamination is not as much of a concern with hydrophilic emulsifiers since they are miscible with water However it is very important that the emulsifier solution be kept at the proper concentration It should also be noted that penetrant dragout and level of possible emulsifier contamination by the penetrant are dependent on the type of material being processed Tests have shown that on both polished and grit-blasted surfaces aluminum and stainless steel parts had a greater dragout than titanium parts

There are six forms of developers of which the nonaqueous are normally used for inspecting welds Nonaqueous developers are white powders mixed with a volatile solvent The following are the six developer forms

bull Dry developer

bull Water soluble

bull Water suspendable

bull Nonaqueous Type 1 Fluorescent (solvent based)

bull Nonaqueous Type 2 Visible (solvent based)

bull Special application The first step in liquid penetrant inspection is surface preparation A clean relatively smooth surface is needed for successful penetrant inspection In addition the surface to be examined and adjacent areas should be free of contaminants such as flux weld spatter scale rust paint oil and grease Contaminants can prevent or delay the penetrant from entering the flaws thereby undermining the inspection process Organic contaminants such as oil and grease can usually be removed with the same solvent used for penetrant removal Hence these materials are often called cleanerremovers Other types of contaminants such as scale and rust can trap penetrant creating false indications or can prevent penetrant from entering real discontinuities These contaminants may require using wire brushes or other methods in order to remove them Precleaning is usually done by the customer and should conform to applicable specifications and codes Before the inspection process begins issues involving ambient and equipment temperatures must be addressed The normal specified temperature range for liquid NAVEDTRA 14250A 12-10

penetrant inspection is 40 to 125degF Do not attempt to use the liquid penetrant when this temperature range cannot be maintained Do not use an open flame to increase the temperature because some of the liquid penetrant materials are flammable After thoroughly cleaning and drying the surface coat the surface with the liquid penetrant Spray or brush on the penetrant or dip the entire piece into the penetrant In practical terms under normal ambient conditions it is hard to let the penetrant stay on the part too long The dwell time (how long the penetrant stays on the piece) is generally specified in the codes and procedures and may depend on the temperature At temperatures below 50degF the dwell times are increased up to 20-30 minutes At high temperatures those above 300degF the dwell times are shortened to as low as 30 seconds You must also follow any temperature and dwell instructions provided by the penetrant manufacturer After keeping the surface wet with the penetrant for the required length of time remove any excess penetrant from the surface with a clean dry cloth or absorbent paper towel Then dampen a clean lint-free material with penetrant remover and wipe the remaining excess penetrant from the test surface Next allow the test surface to dry by normal evaporation or wipe it dry with a clean lint-free absorbent material In drying the surface avoid contaminating it with oil lint dust or other materials that would interfere with the inspection After the surface has dried apply another substance called a developer Allow the developer (powder or liquid) to stay on the surface for a minimum of 7 minutes before starting the inspection Leave it on no longer than 30 minutes thus allowing a total of 23 minutes to evaluate the results The following actions take place when using dye penetrants First the penetrant that is applied to the surface of the material will seep into any passageway open to the surface as shown in Figure 12-4 View A The penetrant is normally red in color and like penetrating oil it seeps into any crack or crevice that is open to the surface Next the excess penetrant is removed from the surface of the metal with the penetrant remover and a lint-free absorbent material Only the penetrant on top of the metal surface is removed (Figure 12-4 View B) leaving the penetrant that has seeped into the defect

Finally the white developer is applied to the surface of the metal as shown in Figure 12-4 View C The developer is an absorbing material that actually draws the penetrant from the defect Therefore the red penetrant indications in the white developer

Figure 12-4 mdash Liquid penetrant inspection


represent the defective areas The amount of red penetrant drawn from the defective areas indicates the size and sometimes the type of defect When you use dye penetrants the lighting in the test area must be bright enough to enable you to see any indications of defects on the test surface The indications you see during a liquid penetrant inspection must be carefully interpreted and evaluated In almost every inspection some insignificant indications are present Most of these are the result of the failure to remove all the excess penetrant from the surface At least 10 percent of all indications must be removed from the surface to determine whether defects are actually present or whether the indications are the result of excess penetrant When a second inspection does not reveal indications in the same locations it is usually safe to assume that the first indications were false Remove all penetrant inspection materials as soon as possible after the final inspection has been made Use water or solvents as appropriate Since some of the liquid penetrant materials are flammable do not use them near open flames and do not apply them to any surface that is at a temperature higher than 100degF In addition to being flammable many solvents are poisonous in the vapor form and highly imitating to the skin in the liquid form

240 Radiographic Inspection Radiographic inspection (RT) is a method of inspecting weldments by the use of rays that penetrate through the welds X and gamma radiation are the two types of waves used for this process There are also two ways to view the X-ray The first and oldest method is on film The rays pass through the weld and onto a sensitized film that is in direct contact with the back of the weld When the film is developed gas pockets slag inclusions cracks or poor penetration will be visible on the film The second method is using a computer Instead of exposing a film a computer X-ray digitizes the radiation with the use of sensors You may have been exposed to this type of X-ray at your dentist The advantage of digitized images is the computer can analyze the image and help the inspector identify any defects making the inspection more accurate Because of the danger of these rays only qualified personnel are authorized to perform these tests As Seabees you will rarely come in contact with these procedures

250 Ultrasonic Inspection Ultrasonic testing (UT) can be used on ferrous and nonferrous materials and is often suited for testing thicker sections accessible from one side only In general it can detect finer linear or planar defects than can RT UT makes use of mechanical vibrations similar to sound waves but of higher frequency A beam of ultrasonic energy is directed into the object to be tested This beam travels through the object with insignificant energy loss except when it is intercepted and reflected by a discontinuity The ultrasonic contact pulse reflection technique is used in UT This system uses a transducer which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy The transducer is excited by a high-frequency voltage that causes a crystal to vibrate mechanically The crystal probe becomes the source of ultrasonic mechanical vibration These vibrations are transmitted into the test piece through a coupling fluid usually a film of oil called a couplant


When the ultrasonic waves pulse strikes a discontinuity in the test piece it is reflected back to its point of origin Thus the energy returns to the transducer The transducer now serves as a receiver for the reflected energy The initial signal or main bang the returned echoes from the discontinuities and the echo of the rear surface of the test piece all are displayed by a trace on the screen of a cathode-ray oscilloscope The detection location and evaluation of discontinuities become possible because the velocity of sound through a material is nearly constant making distance measurement possible and the relative amplitude of a reflected pulse is more or less proportional to the size of the reflector One of the most useful characteristics of UT is its ability to determine the exact position of a discontinuity in a weld This testing method requires a high level of operator training and competence and depends on establishing and applying suitable testing procedures

260 Eddy Current Testing Eddy current is another type of testing that uses electromagnetic energy to detect faults in weld deposits and is effective for both ferrous and nonferrous materials As a Seabee you will rarely use this type of testing in the field In eddy current testing a sinusoidal AC voltage is applied across the eddy current probe or inspection coil This coil creates an electromagnetic field which in turn causes current flow in the surface of the material being inspected (The circular nature of these currents has been compared to the eddies in a stream or river hence the term eddy current) When the coil or probe is scanned across the material surface changes in the materials physical properties ie geometry temperature conductivity material type flaws etc affect the current flow generated by the electromagnetic field induced in the material by the probe These changes reflect back to the probe If the voltage response of the eddy current probe is monitored then changes in voltage amplitude and phase angle shift can be used to show changes in material properties These changes in magnitude and phase angle are displayed on what is known as an impedance plane display

300 DESTRUCTIVE TESTING In destructive testing sample portions of the welded structures are required These samples are subjected to loads until they fail The failed pieces are then studied and compared to known standards to determine the quality of the weld The most common types of destructive testing are free bend guided bend nick-break fillet-welded joint etching impact and tensile test The primary disadvantage of destructive testing is that an actual section of a weldment must be destroyed to evaluate the weld This type of testing is usually used in the certification process of the welder Some of the testing requires elaborate equipment that is not available for use in the field Three tests that may be performed in the field without elaborate equipment are the free-bend test the guided-bend test and the nick-break test Details of destructive tests of welded joints and deposited filler metals can be found in AWS B40 Standard methods for mechanical testing of welds

310 Free-Bend Test The free-bend test has been developed to measure the ductility of the weld metal deposited in a weld joint Also it is used to determine the percentage of elongation of


the weld metal Ductility you should recall is that property of a metal that allows it to be drawn out or hammered thin The first step in preparing a welded specimen for the free-bend test is to machine the welded reinforcement crown flush with the surface of the test plate When the weld area of a test plate is machined as is the case of the guided-bend as well as in the free-bend test perform the machining operation in the opposite direction that the weld was deposited The next step in the free-bend test is to scribe two lines on the face of the filler deposit Locate these lines 116 inch from each edge of the weld metal as shown in Figure 12-5 View B Measure the distance in inches between the lines to the nearest 001 inch and write down the resulting measurement as (x) Then bend the ends of the test specimen until each leg forms an angle of 30 degrees to the original centerline

With the scribed lines on the outside and the piece placed so all the bending occurs in the weld bend the test piece by using a hydraulic press or similar machine When the proper precautions are taken a blacksmithrsquos forging press or hammer can be used to complete the bending operation If a crack more than 116 inch develops during the test stop the bending because the weld has failed otherwise bend the specimen flat After completing the test measure the distance between the scribed lines and call that measurement (y) The percentage of elongation is then determined by the formula

Requirements for a satisfactory test consist of an area with a minimum elongation of 15 percent and no cracks greater than 116 inch on the face of the weld The free-bend test is being replaced by the guided-bend test where the required testing equipment is available

Figure 12-5 mdash Free-bend test


320 Guided-Bend Test Use the guided-bend test to determine the quality of weld metal at the face and root of a welded joint This test is made in a specially designed jig An example of one type of jig is shown in Figure 12-6

The test specimen is placed across the supports of the die A plunger operated from above by hydraulic pressure forces the specimen into the die To fulfill the requirements of this test bend the specimen 180 degreesmdashthe capacity of the jig No cracks should appear on the surface greater than 18 inch The facebend tests are made in this jig with the face of the weld in tension (outside) as shown in Figure 12-7 The root-bend tests are made with the root of the weld in tension (outside) as shown in Figure 12-7 Figure 12-8 shows a machine used for making the guided-bend test It is used in many welding schools and testing laboratories for the daily testing of specimens Simple in construction and easy to use it works by hydraulic pressure and can apply a direct load up to 40000 pounds and even more on small specimens To test the specimen place it in the machine as previously stated and start to pump the actuator Keep your eye on the large gauge and watch the load increase You will know the actual load under which the test piece bends by the position of an

Figure 12-6 mdash Guided-bend test jig

Figure 12-7 mdash Guided-bend test specimens


auxiliary hand that is carried along by the gauge pointer The hand remains at the point of maximum load after the pointer returns to zero

330 Nick-Break Test A nick-break test involves breaking the weld joint to examine the fractured surfaces for internal defects such as

1 Gas pockets 2 Slag inclusions 3 Porosity

The test also determines weld ductility and the degree of fusion The test specimen shall be cut through the welded joint about 14 of an inch (6 mm) The excess weld metal and penetration bead shall be left intact The specimen is then placed upright on two supports (Figure 12-9) and the force on the weld is applied either by a press or by the sharp blows of a hammer until a fracture occurs between the two slots A visual inspection of the fractured surfaces is carried out in order to find defects (as mentioned earlier) if any If any defect exceeds 116 in (15 mm) in size or the number of gas pockets exceeds six per square inch the piece has failed the test

Figure 12-8 mdash Test machine for making guided-bend tests

Figure 12-9 mdash Nick-break test of a butt weld


340 Impact Test Impact testing relates specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases being exposed to high or low temperatures For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens when correlated with service experience have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately ASTM E23 is the Standard Test Methods for Notched Bar Impact Testing of Metallic Materials Two kinds of tests are used for impact testing They are Charpy and Izod (Figure 12-10) Both tests require notched metal pieces to be broken in an impact testing machine The differences between the two tests are seen in how they are anchored and which way the notch is facing during the impact

The Charpy piece is supported horizontally between two anvils and the pendulum strikes opposite the notch as shown in Figure 12-11 View A The Izod piece is supported as a vertical cantilever beam and is struck on the free end projecting over the holding vise (Figure 12-11 View B)

Figure 12-10 mdash Test pieces for impact testing

Figure 12-11 mdash Performing impact test


350 Fillet-Welded Joint Test You use the fillet-welded joint test to check the soundness of a fillet weld Soundness refers to the degree of freedom a weld has from defects found by visual inspection of any exposed welding surface These defects include penetrations gas pockets and inclusions Prepare the test specimen as shown in Figure 12-12 Now apply force (Figure 12-13) until a break occurs in the joint This force may be applied by hydraulics or hammer blows For required thickness and weld sizes refer to Fillet weld Soundness Tests in AWS American National Standards In addition to checking the fractured weld for soundness now is a good time to etch the weld to check for cracks

360 Etching Test The etching test is used to determine the soundness of a weld and make the boundary between the base metal and the weld metal visible To accomplish the test you must cut a test piece from the welded joint so it shows a complete transverse section of the weld You can make the cut by either sawing or flame cutting File the face of the cut and then polish it with grade 00 abrasive cloth Then place the test piece in the etching solution The etching solutions generally used are hydrochloric acid ammonium persulfate iodine and potassium iodide or nitric acid Each solution highlights different defects and areas of the weld The hydrochloric acid dissolves slag inclusions and enlarges gas pockets while nitric acid is used to show the refined zone as well as the metal zone

370 Tensile Strength Test The term tensile strength may be defined as the resistance to longitudinal stress or pull and is measured in pounds per square inch of cross section Testing for tensile strength involves placing a weld sample in a tensile testing machine and pulling on the test sample until it breaks

Figure 12-12 mdash Test plate for fillet weld test

Figure 12-13 mdash Rupturing fillet weld test plate


The essential features of a tensile testing machine are the parts that pull the test specimen and the devices that measure the resistance of the test specimen Another instrument known as an extensometer or strain gauge is also used to measure the strain in the test piece Some equipment comes with a device that records and plots the stress-strain curve for a permanent record The tensile test is classified as a destructive test because the test specimen must be loaded or stressed until it fails Because of the design of the test machine weld samples must be machined to specific dimensions This explains why the test is made on a standard specimen rather than on the part itself It is important that the test specimen represents the part Not only must the specimen be given the same heat treatment as the part but it also must be heat-treated at the same time There are many standard types of tensile test specimens and Figure 12-14 shows one standard type of specimen commonly used The standard test piece is an accurately machined specimen The diameter and gauge length are critical items but the overall length is not The 0505-inch-diameter (02 square inch area) cross section of the reduced portion provides an easy factor to manipulate arithmetically The 2-inch gauge length is the distance between strain-measuring points This is the portion of the specimen where you attach the extensometer In addition you can use the gauge length to determine percent elongation The tensile test involves applying a smooth steadily increasing load (or pull) on a test specimen and measuring the resistance until it breaks Even if recording equipment is not available the test is not difficult to perform During the test you observe the behavior of the specimen and record the extensometer and gauge readings at regular intervals After the specimen breaks and the fracturing load are recorded you measure the specimen with calipers to determine the percent of elongation and the percent reduction in area In addition you should plot a stress-strain curve From the data obtained you can determine tensile strength yield point elastic limit modulus of elasticity and other properties of the material

Summary This chapter has introduced you to welding quality control You should now have an understanding of what to look for and how to test the finished weld using nondestructive and destructive methods The weld should be inspected for undercut overlap surface checks cracks or other defects Also the degree of penetration and side wall fusion extent of reinforcement and size and position of the welds are important factors in the determination as to whether a welding job should be accepted or rejected because they all reflect the quality of the weld The chapter finished up with a description of possible weld defects and how to identify for them using multiple methods of nondestructive and destructive tests and inspections As always use the manufacturerrsquos operator manuals for the specific setup and safety procedures of the welder you will be using

Figure 12-14 mdash Standard tensile test specimen


Review Questions (Select the Correct Response)1 How do you know which tests to use on a weld

A Experience B Code C Type of metal D Welding method

2 Which of the following is NOT a nondestructive test

A Ultrasonic B Etching C Magnetic particle D Liquid penetrant

3 In what manual are the testing parameters located

A ANSE B ASTM C AWS D NRTC

4 What test must occur prior to all other tests

A Ultrasonic B Liquid penetrant C Tensile strength D Visual

5 Prior to the first welding arc being struck what visual checks should be made to

the material being welded

A Type size and cleanliness B Heat treatment tensile strength and ductility C Density volume and mass D Temperature dimensional accuracy and ductility

6 Prior to checking a work piece for surface defects what cleaning method is NOT

authorized

A Soap and water B Wire brush C Shot peening D Solvents


7 Which nondestructive testing process is most effective for detecting surface and near-surface flaws

A X-raysB Liquid penetrant C Ultrasonic

Magnetic particle D 8 What is the visual indication that a flaw exists when using magnetic particle

testing

A A fluorescent color is present B Bubbles come from the area of the flaw C Particles cluster at the flaw site D The flaw makes a vibrating sound

9 How do you check the entire surface of the weld using magnetic particle testing

A Move the prods in circular motions B Increase the current in the prods C Lightly tap the prods against the weld D Change the location of the prod contact points

10 What factors help interpret the test results of a magnetic particle test

A The heat generated at the flaw site B White lights C The shape of the indication D The color of the flaw site

11 How do you check for the presence of a magnetic field in the work piece

A Touch it with a like piece of material B Use a magnetron C Wave a compass over it D See if the work piece sticks to the work bench

12 How many steps are needed to complete the liquid penetration process

A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6

13 How many different penetrant inspection methods are there

A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1


14 Method A liquid penetrant is applied to the work piece by what action

A Dipping B Spraying C Rolling D Immersing

15 What is the normal temperature range for using liquid penetrant

A 32deg F to 400degF B 0 todeg F 250degF C 40deg F to 125degF D 98deg F to 300degF

16 How many minutes should the developer stay on a work piece

A 5 B 10 C 15 D 30

17 How have computers helped with radiographic inspections

A By Increasing accuracy of defect identification B By using less paper C By increasing portability D By lowering the cost of the process

18 How are the vibrations from an ultrasonic transducer imparted to the base metal

being tested

A Through the air B With a clamp C With a couplant material D With a test fixture

19 Which of the following tests can be used in the field without elaborate

equipment

A Fillet-welded joint B Etching C Impact D Free-bend

20 What is the definition of ductility

A The ability to withstand impact B The ability to be drawn out or hammered thin C The ability to withstand extremely high temperatures D The ability to be stretched by pulling


21 What is the maximum surface crack allowable when performing a guided-bend test on a weld

A 132 B 116 C 18 D 14

22 When performing a nick-break test how many inches deep should the end cuts

be on the weld

A 14 B 12 C 1 D No more than half the thickness of the weld

23 Which impact test is performed in a horizontal test fixture

A Charpy B Nike C Izod D Franklin

24 Which destructive test method does NOT use the actual welded material when

testing

A Etching B Tensile strength C Fillet-welded joint D Impact


Trade Terms Introduced in this Chapter Hydrophilic Having an affinity for water readily absorbing or

dissolving in water

Lipophilic

Having an affinity for tending to combine with or capable of dissolving in lipids (fats)


Additional Resources and References This chapter is intended to present thorough resources for task training The following reference works are suggested for further study This is optional material for continued education rather than for task training American Welding Society AWS B21 Specification For welding Procedure and Performance Qualification An American National Standard American Welding Society Miami Florida 2009 American Welding Society AWS D11 Structural Welding Code ndash Steel An American National Standard American Welding Society Miami Florida 2009 American Welding Society Welding Inspection Handbook American Welding Society Miami Florida 2009 Welding Theory and Application TM 9-237 Department of the Army Technical Manual Headquarters Department of the Army Washington DC 1976


CSFE Nonresident Training Course ndash User Update CSFE makes every effort to keep their manuals up-to-date and free of technical errors We appreciate your help in this process If you have an idea for improving this manual or if you find an error a typographical mistake or an inaccuracy in CSFE manuals please write or email us using this form or a photocopy Be sure to include the exact chapter number topic detailed description and correction if applicable Your input will be brought to the attention of the Technical Review Committee Thank you for your assistance Write CSFE N7A

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FAX 805982-5508 E-mail CSFE_NRTCnavymil

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A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright

SW B Table of Contents

SW Basic Ch 1 Introduction to Types and Identification of Metal

Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites

Features of this Manual

100 BASIC METAL TYPES

110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel

120 Nonferrous Metals

200 BASIC METAL IDENTIFICATION

210 Surface Appearance

220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions

Trade Terms Introduced in this Chapter

Additional Resources and References

CSFE Nonresident Training Course ndash User Update

SW Basic Ch 2 Basic Heat Treatment

Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 HEAT TREATMENT THEORY

200 STAGES of HEAT TREATMENT

210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage

300 RECOGNIZING HEAT COLORS for STEEL

400 TYPES of HEAT TREATMENT

410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal

412 Nonferrous Metal

420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA

510 Liquid Quenching

511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 3 Introduction to Welding

Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 WELDING PROCESSES

110 Gas Welding

111 OXYFUEL GAS Welding (OFW) ACETYLENE

112 OXYFUEL GAS Welding (OFW) MAPPGAS

120 Arc Welding

121 Common Arc Welding Processes

1211 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

1212 Gas Shielded Arc Welding

12121 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)

12122 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)

12123 Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW)

1213 Resistance Spot Welding

200 WELDING TERMINOLOGY

210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds

300 WELDED JOINT DESIGN

310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints

400 WELDING POSITIONS

500 EXPANSION and CONTRACTION

510 Controlling Distortion

511 Preparation and Fit-up

512 Heat Input

513 Preheat

514 Number of Weld Passes

515 Jigs and Fixtures

516 Allow for Distortion

600 WELDING PROCEDURES

610 American Welding Society

620 American Society of Mechanical Engineers

700 DRAWINGS

710 Reading Drawings

711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views

715 Handling and Care

720 Welding Symbol

721 Type of Weld (Weld Symbols)

722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary

724 Additional Information

725 Multiple-Weld

726 Application of Symbol

800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet

830 Protective Clothing

840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions



SW Basic Ch 4 Gas Cutting

Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 OXYGAS CUTTING EQUIPMENT

110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design

122 MAPP Characteristics

123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators

141 Single-Stage Regulators

142 Double-Stage Regulators

143 Problems and Safety

150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body

162 Cutting Torch Tips

1621 Acetylene Tip Maintenance

1622 MAPP Tip Maintenance

200 OXYGAS CUTTING OPERATIONS

210 Equipment Setup

211 Carburizing Flame

212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame

220 Cutting Mild-Carbon Steel

221 Cutting Thin Steel

222 Cutting Thick Steel

230 Cutting Cast Iron

240 Gouging Mild Steel

250 Beveling Mild Steel

260 Electric Drive Cutting Torch Carriage

270 Cutting and Beveling Pipe

280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets

2100 Cutting Wire Rope

2110 Cutting on Containers

300 JUDGING CUTTING QUALITY

310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness

330 Top Edge Sharpness

340 Slag Conditions

400 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

410 Backfire and Flashback

420 Cylinders

421 Identification of Cylinders

4211 Color Warnings

4212 Cylinder Color Bands

4213 Decals

4214 Shatterproof Cylinders

4215 Service Ownership

422 Handling and Storing Gas Cylinders

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 5 Gas Welding

Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 OXYGAS WELDING EQUIPMENT

110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods

200 OPERATION and MAINTENANCE of OXYGAS EQUIPMENT

210 Operation

211 Selecting the Welding Torch Tip Size

212 Equipment Setup

213 Torch Lighting and Flame Adjustment

220 Maintaining the Equipment

221 Torch Gas Leaks

222 Welding Torch Tips

223 Regulator Leaks

300 OXYGAS WELDING TECHNIQUES

310 Forehand Welding

320 Backhand Welding

330 Multilayer Welding

340 Joint Edge Preparation

350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper

362 Copper-Zinc Alloy (Brasses)

363 Copper-Silicon Alloy (Silicon Bronze)

364 Copper-Nickel Alloy

365 Nickel and High-Nickel Alloys

366 Lead

367 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys

3671 Melting Characteristics

3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes

3674 Welding Preparation

3675 Welding Techniques

370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions

Trade Terms Introduced in This Chapter



SW Basic Ch 6 Soldering Brazing Braze Welding Wearfacing

Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat

1111 Soldering Coppers

11111 Filing and Tinning Coppers

11112 Forging Soldering Coppers

1112 Electric Soldering Coppers

1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder

1121 Tin-Lead Solder

1122 Tin-Antimony-Lead Solder

1123 Tin-Zinc Solder

1124 Tin-Antimony Solder

1125 Tin-Silver Solder

1126 Lead-Silver Solder

113 Fluxes

1131 Noncorrosive Fluxes

1132 Corrosive Fluxes

120 Soldering Techniques

121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering

130 Soldering Aluminum Alloys

200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints

230 Brazing Procedures

231 Surface Preparation

232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux

320 Braze Welding Procedures

400 WEARFACING

410 Wearfacing Materials

411 Iron-Base Alloys

412 Tungsten Carbide

420 Wearfacing Procedures

421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 7 Plasma Arc Cutting Operations

Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 PLASMA ARC CUTTING PROCESS

110 Description

120 Plasma vs Oxy-Fuel Cutting

200 EQUIPMENT and CONSUMABLES

210 Equipment Requirements

211 Power Source

212 Rated Cutting Capacity

213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields

226 Consumables Used During Extended Cutting vs Drag Cutting

227 Consumable Tips for Different Amperages

228 Replacing Consumables

229 Cutting Gases

230 Improving Consumable life

300 CUTTING and GOUGING OPERATING SEQUENCE

310 High Frequency Starts

320 Contact Starts

330 Pilot Arc Control Methods

340 Starting the Cut

400 PLASMA ARC GOUGING

500 QUALITIES of a PLASMA CUT

510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross

560 Six Steps to Good Cut Quality

600 SAFETY PROCEDURES

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 8 Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Chapter 8

Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION to the PROCESS

110 Methods of Application

120 Advantages and Limitations

200 PRINCIPLES of OPERATION

210 Arc Systems

220 Electrical Terms

230 Metal Transfer

300 EQUIPMENT for WELDING

310 Power Sources

311 Types of Current

312 Power Source Duty Cycle

313 Types of Power Sources

3131 Generator and Alternator Welding Machines

3132 Transformer Welding Machines

3133 Transformer-Rectifier Welding Machines

3134 Three Phase Rectifier Welding Machines

3135 Multiple Operator System

3136 Inverter Power Sources

314 Selecting a Power Source

320 Controls

330 Electrode Holder

340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories

370 Equipment Operation and Maintenance

400 COVERED ELECTRODES

410 Classification

420 Sizing

430 Selection of Electrode Class

431 Base Metal Strength Properties

432 Base Metal Composition

433 Welding Position

434 Welding Current

435 Joint Design and Fit-Up

436 Thickness and Shape of Base Metal

437 Service Conditions andor Specifications

438 Production Efficiency and Job Condition

440 Selection of Electrode Size

450 Conformances and Approvals

500 WELDING APPLICATIONS

510 Industries

511 Field Welded Storage Tanks

512 Pressure Vessels

513 Industrial Piping

514 Transmission Pipelines

515 Nuclear Power Plants

516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation

519 Industrial Machinery

5110 Heavy Equipment

5111 Maintenance and Repair

520 Variations of the Process

530 Wearfacing

531 Workpiece Preparation

532 Preheating

533 Techniques

5331 Bulldozer Blades

5332 Shovel teeth

540 Carbon-Arc Cutting

541 Air Carbon-Arc Cutting

542 Air Carbon-Arc Gouging

543 Metal Electrode Arc Cutting

600 WELDING METALLURGY

610 Properties of the Weld

611 Chemical Properties

612 Mechanical Properties

613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels

6212 Low Alloy Steels

6213 Heat Treatable Steels

6214 Chromium-Molybdenum Steels

6215 Stainless amp Higher Chromium-Molybdenum Steels

6216 Free Machining Steels

622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron

6222 Nodular and Malleable Cast Irons

623 Copper and Copper Alloys

624 Nickel and Nickel Alloys

700 WELD AND JOINT DESIGN

710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility

750 Weld Joint Designs

760 Arc Welding Positions

761 Flat-Position Welding

762 Horizontal-Position Welding

7621 Electrode Movement

7622 Joint Type

763 Vertical-Position Welding

7631 Current Settings and Electrode Movement

7632 Joint Type

7633 E-7018 Electrode Welding Technique

764 Overhead-Position Welding


7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding

7651 Pipe welding positions

7652 Pipe welding procedures

7653 Joint preparation and fit-up

766 Tack welding

767 Spacers

768 Electrode selection

769 Weather conditions

800 WELDING PROCEDURE VARIABLES

810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type

820 Primary Variables

821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed

823 Welding Voltage (Arc Length)

824 Starting the Arc

8241 Breaking the Arc

8242 Reestablishing the Arc

8243 Peening

830 Secondary Variables

831 Angles of the Electrode

900 WELDING PROCEDURE SCHEDULES

1000 PREWELD PREPARATIONS

1010 Preparing the Weld Joint

1020 Fixturing and Positioning

1030 Preheating

1100 WELDING DEFECTS and PROBLEMS

1110 Discontinuities Caused by Welding Technique

1111 Slag Inclusions

1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity

1114 Wormhole Porosity (Piping Porosity)

1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters

11111 Excessive Weld Spatter

1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow

1132 Improper Moisture Content

1133 Fingernailing

1200 POSTWELD PROCEDURE

1210 Cleaning

1220 Inspection and Testing

1221 Welding Quality Control

1230 Repairing of Welds

1240 Postheating

1300 WELDER TRAINING and QUALIFICATION

1310 Welder Training

1311 Basic Shielded Metal Arc Welding

1312 Advanced Shielded Metal Arc Welding

1313 Shielded Metal Arc Pipe Welding

1320 Welder Qualification

1400 WELDING SAFETY

1410 Electrical Shock

1420 Arc Radiation

1430 Air Contamination

1440 Fires and Explosions

1450 Weld Cleaning and Other Hazards

1460 Summary of Safety Precautions

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 9 GasTungsten Arc Welding

Chapter 9

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources


320 Types of Welding Current

321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current

323 Alternating Current

324 High-Frequency Current






335 Square Wave Power Source

340 Controls

350 Welding Torches

360 Gas Shielding System

370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment

381 Filler Wire Feeders

382 Water Circulators

383 Motion Devices

400 EQUIPMENT SETUP ADJUSTMENT and SHUTDOWN

410 Equipment Setup

420 Preparing the Electrode Tip

430 Assembling the Torch

440 Setting Up the Shielding Gas System

450 Setting Up the Welding Parameters

460 System Shutdown and Clean Up

500 ELECTRODES SHIELDING GAS and FILLER METAL

510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium

523 Argon-Helium Mixtures

524 Argon-Hydrogen Mixtures

525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing

540 Selection of Filler Metal

550 Conformances


610 Industries


612 Nuclear Power Facilities

613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation

616 Pressure Vessels Boilers and Heat Exchangers


618 Miscellaneous

620 Arc Spot Welding





713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals



723 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys


725 Steels

7251 Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels

7252 Cast Iron


7254 Stainless Steels

726 Titanium and Titanium Alloys

727 Other Metals

800 WELD JOINT DESIGN

810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility

860 Consumable Inserts


880 Welding Positions



910 Fixed Variables

911 Type of Electrode

912 Electrode Size

913 Type of Welding Current

914 Type of Shielding Gas

915 Electrode Taper Angle


921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed




932 Electrode Extension




1120 Cleaning the Work Metal

1130 Electrode Tip Preparation

1140 Fixturing Positioning and Weld Backing

1150 Preheating

1200 WELDING DISCONTINUITIES and PROBLEMS


1211 Tungsten Inclusions

1212 Oxide Inclusions

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Incomplete Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow

1232 Inadequate Shielding

1233 Electrode Contamination


1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating


1410 Basic Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

1411 Mild Steel

1412 Stainless Steel

1413 Aluminum

1420 Gas Tungsten Arc Pipe Welding

1421 Course Introduction

1422 Small Diameter Piping and Tubing

1423 8-lnch Diameter Pipe


1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation


1540 Compressed Gasses




Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 10 Gas Metal Arc Welding

Chapter 10

Gas Metal Arc Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer

221 Short Circuiting Transfer

222 Globular Transfer

223 Spray Transfer

224 Pulsed Current Transfer


310 Power Sources




3131 Generator Welding Machines



320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns

341 Semiautomatic Guns

342 Machine Welding Guns

350 Shielding Gas Equipment

360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories

400 INSTALLATION SETUP and MAINTENANCE of EQUIPMENT

410 Power Source Connections

420 Gun Cable Assembly

430 Wire Installation

440 Gas Cylinder Installation

450 Amperage and Voltage Settings

460 Equipment Shutdown and Clean Up

470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests

500 SHIELDING GAS and ELECTRODES

510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide


515 Argon-Oxygen Mixtures

516 Argon-Carbon Dioxide Mixtures

517 Helium-Argon-Carbon Dioxide Mixtures

518 Nitrogen

520 Shielding Gas Flow Rate

530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing

540 Electrode Selection



610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace




622 Narrow Gap Welding



711 Chemical and Physical Properties


713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels

7251 Low Carbon and Mild Steels







800 WELD and JOINT DESIGN

810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed



932 Electrode Angles






1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow


1233 Clogged or Dirty Contact Tube

1234 Wire Feed Stoppages


1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Basic Gas Metal Arc Welding

1412 Gas Metal Arc Welding Steel Pipe


1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Trade Terms Introduced in this Chapter13



SW Basic Ch 11 Flux Cored Arc Welding

Chapter 11

Flux Cored Arc Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories

400 EQUIPMENT SETUP OPERATION and SHUT DOWN

410 Protective Clothing and Tools

420 Obtaining Materials

430 Set Up Equipment

440 Adjust Equipment

450 Perform the Weld

460 Shut Down Equipment


510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide


513 Argon-oxygen mixture

520 Electrodes

521 Classification


523 Conformance and Approvals


610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads

615 Automotive Products

616 Heavy Equipment


620 Flux Cored Arc Spot Welding





740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels

7511 Low-carbon and Mild Steels

7512 Low-alloy Steels






810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Basic Flux Cored Arc Welding


1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation


1540 Compressed Gases




Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 12 Welding Quality Control

Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION

200 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING

210 Visual Inspection

220 Magnetic Particle Inspection

230 Liquid Penetrant Inspection

240 Radiographic Inspection

250 Ultrasonic Inspection

260 Eddy Current Testing

300 DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

310 Free-Bend Test

320 Guided-Bend Test

330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test

350 Fillet-Welded Joint Test

360 Etching Test

370 Tensile Strength Test

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 13 Layout and Fabrication of Sheet-Metal and Fiber and Glass Duct

Chapter 13

Layout and Fabrication of Sheet Metal and Fiberglass Duct

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 TOOLS and EQUIPMENT

110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber

112 Flat Steel Square

113 Combination Square

114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points

118 Circumference Ruler

120 Cutting Tools

130 Sheet Metal Bending and Forming Equipment

131 Stakes

132 Other Forming Tools

1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes

1323 Roll Forming Machine

1324 Combination Rotary Machine

200 SHEET METAL DEVELOPMENT

210 Parallel Line Development

220 Radial Line Development

230 Triangular Development

240 Fabrication of Edges Joints Seams and Notches

241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches

300 JOINING and INSTALLING SHEET METAL DUCT

310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams

400 SHEET METAL DUCT SYSTEMS

410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material

440 Reinforcement and Support

450 Flexible Connections

460 Hanging Duct

500 FIBERGLASS DUCT SYSTEMS

510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 14 Fiber Line

Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE

110 Types of Natural Fiber Line

111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton

120 Types of Synthetic Fiber Lines

130 Fabrication of Line

131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines

140 Types of Lays of Line

141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid

150 Size Designation

160 Handling and Care of Fiber Line

161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing

170 Strength of Fiber Line

171 Breaking Strength

172 Safe Working Load

173 Safety Factor

174 Breaking Strength of Nylon Line

180 Knots Bends and Hitches

181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot

183 Figure-Eight Knot

184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch

190 Splicing Fiber Line

191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice

1100 Splicing Nylon Line

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 15 Wire Rope

Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel

123 Improved Plow Steel

130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection

161 Tensile Strength

162 Crushing Strength

163 Fatigue Resistance

164 Abrasion Resistance

165 Corrosion Resistance

170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices


1121 Coiling and Uncoiling

1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends

1124 Sizes of Sheaves

1125 Seizing and Cutting

1130 Inspection

1140 Cleaning and Lubricating

1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 16 Rigging

Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites

100 BLOCK and TACKLE

110 Terminology

120 Block Construction

130 Block to Line Ratio

140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle

164 Single-luff Tackle

165 Twofold Purchase

166 Double-Luff

167 Three-fold Purchase

168 Compound Tackle

170 Allowance for Friction

180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS

210 Slings and Rigging Gear Kits

220 Wire Rope Slings

230 Fiber Line Sling

231 Synthetic Web Slings

240 Chain Slings

241 Metal Mesh Slings

250 Using Wire Rope and Fiber Slings

251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle

260 Sling Inspection


262 Synthetic Round Slings


264 Wire Mesh Slings

265 Alloy Chain Slings

270 Proof Testing Slings

280 Safe Working Loads of Slings

290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection

320 Safe Working Loads


400 ADDITIONAL LIFTING EQUIPMENT

410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles


422 Mousing a Shackle

430 Beam Clamps

500 OTHER LIFTING EQUIPMENT

510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks

540 Planks and Rollers

550 Blocking and Cribbing

560 Scaffolds

561 Planking and Runway Scaffold

562 Swinging Platform Scaffold

563 Needle-Beam Scaffold

564 Boatswainrsquos Chair

565 Safety

600 FIELD-ERECTED HOISTING DEVICES

610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket

613 Combination-Picket

614 Combination Log Picket

615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears

700 SAFE RIGGING OPERATING PROCEDURES

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 17 Pre-Engineered Structures

Chapter 17

Pre-Engineered Structures

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites

100 PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS

110 Pre-Erection Work

120 Erection Procedures

121 Bolting Rigid Frames

122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods

125 Brace Angles and Base Angles

126 End-Wall FramingDoorsWindows

127 Sheeting

128 Building Insulation

129 Multiple buildings Set Side by Side

130 Disassembly Procedures

131 Marking

200 K-SPAN BUILDINGS

210 ABM 120 System

211 Operating Instructions

212 Machinery Placement

213 Foundations

214 Building Erection

220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS

310 Assembly and Erection of Sections

320 Dismantling a Tower

400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers

420 Freestanding Towers

430 Tower Assembly

440 Erection of Guyed Towers

441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying

451 Temporary Guying

452 Permanent Guying

4521 Single-Guy Layer

4522 Two-Guy Layers

4523 Three-Guy Layers

453 Guy Tension

4531 Initial Tension

4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor

4542 Expansion Anchor

4543 Concrete Anchor

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 18 Introduction to Structural Steel

Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites

100 STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS

110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES

900 PURLINS GIRTS AND EAVE STRUTS

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 19 Introduction to Reinforcing Steel

Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites

100 REINFORCED CONCRETE

110 Concrete Materials

120 Concrete Strength

130 Purposes and Types of Reinforcing Steel

131 Reinforcing Bars

132 Tension in Steel

140 Additional Types of Reinforcing Steel

141 Expanded Metal

142 Welded Wire Fabric

143 Sheet-Metal Reinforcement

Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover

returnTxt1SWB12PG3 Remediation Page Click anywhere on this page to return


dReturnButtonSWB12PG3













tfP8W230 Having an affinity for tending to combine with or capable of dissolving in lipids (fats)

btnLIPOPHILIC




tfP10W30 Having an affinity for water readily absorbing or dissolving in water

btnHYDROPHILIC

























dQuestionSWB12PC1a1

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txtCourse

txtRate

txtChapter

txtDate

txtNumber

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName


S T E E L W O R K E R

B A S I C


Pre-Engineered Structures Buildings K-Spans Towers and Antennas

Rigging

Wire rope

Fiber Line

Layout and Fabrication of Sheet-Metal and Fiberglass Duct


Flux Core Arc Welding-FCAW

Gas-Metal Arc Welding-GMAW

Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding-GTAW

Shielded Metal Arc Welding-SMAW



Gas Welding

Gas Cutting










































bull Dry developer

bull Water soluble






























































authorized






testing









A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6


A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1







A 5 B 10 C 15 D 30




being tested



equipment






A 132 B 116 C 18 D 14


be on the weld





testing




dissolving in water

Lipophilic








Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover

















btnLIPOPHILIC





btnHYDROPHILIC

























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txtCourse

txtRate

txtChapter

txtDate

txtNumber

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName






































bull Dry developer

bull Water soluble






























































authorized






testing









A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6


A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1







A 5 B 10 C 15 D 30




being tested



equipment






A 132 B 116 C 18 D 14


be on the weld





testing




dissolving in water

Lipophilic








Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover

















btnLIPOPHILIC





btnHYDROPHILIC

























dQuestionSWB12PC1a1

dQuestionSWB12PC1a2

dQuestionSWB12PC1a3

dQuestionSWB12PC1a4

dQuestionSWB12PC2a1

dQuestionSWB12PC2a2

dQuestionSWB12PC2a3

dQuestionSWB12PC2a4

dQuestionSWB12PC4a1

dQuestionSWB12PC4a2

dQuestionSWB12PC4a3

dQuestionSWB12PC4a4

dQuestionSWB12PC5a1

dQuestionSWB12PC5a2

dQuestionSWB12PC5a3

dQuestionSWB12PC5a4

dQuestionSWB12PC3a1

dQuestionSWB12PC3a2

dQuestionSWB12PC3a3

dQuestionSWB12PC3a4

dQuestionSWB12PC6a1

dQuestionSWB12PC6a2

dQuestionSWB12PC6a3

dQuestionSWB12PC6a4

dQuestionSWB12PC7a1

dQuestionSWB12PC7a2

dQuestionSWB12PC7a3

dQuestionSWB12PC7a4

dQuestionSWB12PC8a1

dQuestionSWB12PC8a2

dQuestionSWB12PC8a3

dQuestionSWB12PC8a4

dQuestionSWB12PC9a1

dQuestionSWB12PC9a2

dQuestionSWB12PC9a3

dQuestionSWB12PC9a4





























































txtCourse

txtRate

txtChapter

txtDate

txtNumber

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName


























































authorized






testing









A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6


A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1







A 5 B 10 C 15 D 30




being tested



equipment






A 132 B 116 C 18 D 14


be on the weld





testing




dissolving in water

Lipophilic








Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover

















btnLIPOPHILIC





btnHYDROPHILIC

























dQuestionSWB12PC1a1

dQuestionSWB12PC1a2

dQuestionSWB12PC1a3

dQuestionSWB12PC1a4

dQuestionSWB12PC2a1

dQuestionSWB12PC2a2

dQuestionSWB12PC2a3

dQuestionSWB12PC2a4

dQuestionSWB12PC4a1

dQuestionSWB12PC4a2

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dQuestionSWB12PC5a1

dQuestionSWB12PC5a2

dQuestionSWB12PC5a3

dQuestionSWB12PC5a4

dQuestionSWB12PC3a1

dQuestionSWB12PC3a2

dQuestionSWB12PC3a3

dQuestionSWB12PC3a4

dQuestionSWB12PC6a1

dQuestionSWB12PC6a2

dQuestionSWB12PC6a3

dQuestionSWB12PC6a4

dQuestionSWB12PC7a1

dQuestionSWB12PC7a2

dQuestionSWB12PC7a3

dQuestionSWB12PC7a4

dQuestionSWB12PC8a1

dQuestionSWB12PC8a2

dQuestionSWB12PC8a3

dQuestionSWB12PC8a4

dQuestionSWB12PC9a1

dQuestionSWB12PC9a2

dQuestionSWB12PC9a3

dQuestionSWB12PC9a4





























































txtCourse

txtRate

txtChapter

txtDate

txtNumber

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName




testing









A 3 B 4 C 5 D 6


A 4 B 3 C 2 D 1







A 5 B 10 C 15 D 30




being tested



equipment






A 132 B 116 C 18 D 14


be on the weld





testing




dissolving in water

Lipophilic








Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover

















btnLIPOPHILIC





btnHYDROPHILIC

























dQuestionSWB12PC1a1

dQuestionSWB12PC1a2

dQuestionSWB12PC1a3

dQuestionSWB12PC1a4

dQuestionSWB12PC2a1

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dQuestionSWB12PC4a1

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dQuestionSWB12PC3a1

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dQuestionSWB12PC3a3

dQuestionSWB12PC3a4

dQuestionSWB12PC6a1

dQuestionSWB12PC6a2

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dQuestionSWB12PC6a4

dQuestionSWB12PC7a1

dQuestionSWB12PC7a2

dQuestionSWB12PC7a3

dQuestionSWB12PC7a4

dQuestionSWB12PC8a1

dQuestionSWB12PC8a2

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dQuestionSWB12PC9a4





























































txtCourse

txtRate

txtChapter

txtDate

txtNumber

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName






A 5 B 10 C 15 D 30




being tested



equipment






A 132 B 116 C 18 D 14


be on the weld





testing




dissolving in water

Lipophilic








Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover

















btnLIPOPHILIC





btnHYDROPHILIC

























dQuestionSWB12PC1a1

dQuestionSWB12PC1a2

dQuestionSWB12PC1a3

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dQuestionSWB12PC3a3

dQuestionSWB12PC3a4

dQuestionSWB12PC6a1

dQuestionSWB12PC6a2

dQuestionSWB12PC6a3

dQuestionSWB12PC6a4

dQuestionSWB12PC7a1

dQuestionSWB12PC7a2

dQuestionSWB12PC7a3

dQuestionSWB12PC7a4

dQuestionSWB12PC8a1

dQuestionSWB12PC8a2

dQuestionSWB12PC8a3

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dQuestionSWB12PC9a1

dQuestionSWB12PC9a2

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txtCourse

txtRate

txtChapter

txtDate

txtNumber

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName


A 132 B 116 C 18 D 14


be on the weld





testing




dissolving in water

Lipophilic








Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover

















btnLIPOPHILIC





btnHYDROPHILIC

























dQuestionSWB12PC1a1

dQuestionSWB12PC1a2

dQuestionSWB12PC1a3

dQuestionSWB12PC1a4

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dQuestionSWB12PC5a3

dQuestionSWB12PC5a4

dQuestionSWB12PC3a1

dQuestionSWB12PC3a2

dQuestionSWB12PC3a3

dQuestionSWB12PC3a4

dQuestionSWB12PC6a1

dQuestionSWB12PC6a2

dQuestionSWB12PC6a3

dQuestionSWB12PC6a4

dQuestionSWB12PC7a1

dQuestionSWB12PC7a2

dQuestionSWB12PC7a3

dQuestionSWB12PC7a4

dQuestionSWB12PC8a1

dQuestionSWB12PC8a2

dQuestionSWB12PC8a3

dQuestionSWB12PC8a4

dQuestionSWB12PC9a1

dQuestionSWB12PC9a2

dQuestionSWB12PC9a3

dQuestionSWB12PC9a4





























































txtCourse

txtRate

txtChapter

txtDate

txtNumber

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName


dissolving in water

Lipophilic








Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

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A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

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Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

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Chapter 12 Welding Quality Control - NAVY BMRnavybmr.com/study material/14250a/14250A_ch12.pdf ·...

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