Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders
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Transcript of Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders
![Page 1: Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051315/56812c5f550346895d90eaff/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders
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Learning Outcomes
• Define psychological disorders and describe their prevalence.
• Describe the symptoms and possible origins of anxiety disorders.
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Learning Outcomes
• Describe the symptoms and possible origins of dissociative disorders.
• Describe the symptoms and possible origins of somatoform disorders.
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Learning Outcomes
• Describe the symptoms and possible origins of mood disorders.
• Describe the symptoms and possible origins of schizophrenia.
• Describe the symptoms and possible origins of personality disorders.
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What are Psychological Disorders?
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Truth or Fiction?
• A man shot the President of the United States in front of millions of television witnesses and was found not guilty by a court of law.
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Truth or Fiction?
• A man shot the President of the United States in front of millions of television witnesses and was found not guilty by a court of law.
• TRUE!
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Psychological Disorders
• Characterized by– Rare or unusual behavior– Faulty perceptions or interpretations of reality– Severe personal distress– Self-defeating behaviors– Dangerous behaviors– Socially unacceptable behaviors
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Truth or Fiction?
• Anxiety is abnormal.
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Truth or Fiction?
• Anxiety is abnormal.
• FICTION!
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Perspectives on Psychological Disorders
• Demonological Model• Medical Model• Contemporary Psychological Models– Diathesis –stress model– Biopsychosocial model
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Classifying Psychological Disorders
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)– Includes information on medical conditions,
psychosocial problems and global assessment of functioning
– Concerns about reliability and validity of the standards• Predictive validity
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Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
• About 50% of us will experience a psychological disorder at some time– Most often starts in childhood or adolescence
• Slightly more than 25% will experience a psychological disorder in any given year
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Insanity Plea
• M’Naghten rule– Defendant did not understand what he was doing
at the time or did not realize it was wrong
• Raised in about 1% of cases
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Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety Disorders
• Psychological features of anxiety– Worrying, fear of worst happening, fear of losing
control, nervousness, inability to relax
• Physical features of anxiety– Arousal of sympathetic branch of autonomic
nervous system
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Phobic Disorders
• Specific phobias– Irrational fears of specific objects or situations
• Social phobias– Persistent fears of scrutiny by others
• Agoraphobia– Fear of being in places from which it would be
difficult to escape or receive help
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Panic Disorder
• Abrupt attack of acute anxiety not triggered by a specific object or situation– Physical symptoms• Shortness of breath, heavy sweating, tremors,
pounding of the heart• Other symptoms that may “feel” like a heart attack
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Persistent anxiety– Cannot be attributed to object, situation, or
activity
• Symptoms include– Motor tension– Autonomic overarousal– Excessive vigilance
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Obsessions– Recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images
that seem irrational and beyond control
• Compulsions– Thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the
anxiety connected with obsessions– Irresistible urges to engage in specific acts, often
repeatedly
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Stress Disorders
• Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)– Caused by a traumatic event– May occur months or years after event
• Acute stress disorder– Unlike PTSD, occurs within a month of event and
lasts 2 days to 4 weeks
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Sleep Problems Among Americans Before and After September 11, 2001
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Origins of Anxiety Disorders
• Psychological– Phobias as conditioned fears– Cognitive bias toward focusing on threats
• Biological– Genetic factors – Natural selection
• Biopsychosocial
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Dissociative Disorders
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Dissociative Disorders
• A splitting of mental processes such as thoughts, emotions, identity, memory, or consciousness
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Types of Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative Amnesia– Suddenly unable to recall important personal
information; not due to biological problems
• Dissociative Fugue– Abruptly leaves home or work and travels to
another place, no memory of previous life
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Types of Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative Identity Disorder– Two or more identities, each with distinct traits,
“occupy” the same person• Formerly known as multiple personality disorder
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Origins of Dissociative Disorders
• Learning/cognitive – may have learned to not think about or keep disturbing ideas out of one’s mind
• Culture-bound to U.S. and Canada
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Somatoform Disorders
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Somatoform Disorders
• Physical problems (such as paralysis, pain, or persistent belief of serious disease) with no evidence of a physical abnormality
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Conversion Disorder
• Major change in, or loss of, physical functioning, although there are no medical findings to explain the loss of functioning.– Not intentionally produced– la belle indifference
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Hypochondriasis
• Insistence of serious physical illness, even though no medical evidence of illness can be found
• May seek opinion of one doctor after another
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Origins of Somatoform Disorders
• Biopsychosocial perspective– Psychologically, the disorder has to do with what
one focuses on to the exclusion of conflicting information
– Susceptible to being hypnotized– Tendencies toward perfectionism and rumination
(heritable)
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Mood Disorders
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Mood Disorders
• Characterized by disturbance in expressed emotions
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Types of Mood Disorders
• Major Depressive Disorder– Persistent feelings of sadness, loss of interest,
feelings of worthlessness or guilt, and inability to concentrate
– About 50% of those with MDD experience severe symptoms• Poor appetite, weight loss, agitation, psychomotor
retardation
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Truth or Fiction?
• Feeling elated is not always a good thing.
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Truth or Fiction?
• Feeling elated is not always a good thing.
• TRUE!
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Types of Mood Disorders
• Bipolar disorder– Mood swings from ecstatic elation to deep
depression– Manic behaviors• Argumentative, rapid flight of ideas,
– Depressive behaviors• Lethargy, insomnia
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Origins of Mood Disorders
• Psychological– Learning theorists • Lack reinforcement and have an external locus of
control• Learned helplessness
– Cognitive • Perfectionism and unrealistic expectations• Attributional styles
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Origins of Mood Disorders
• Biological– Genetics – neuroticism– Neurotransmitter - serotonin
• Biopsychosocial– Biologically predisposed – Self-efficacy expectations – Attitudes
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Women and Depression
• Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with depression– Begins to emerge in adolescence– During childbearing years – more likely to develop
depression
• Origins– Role of estrogen– Rumination– Demands placed on women
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Suicide
• Suicide is the third leading cause of death among 15- to 24-year-olds
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Risk Factors in Suicide
• Feelings of depression, hopelessness• Adolescent psychological problems• Stressful life events – exit events• Familial experience with psychological
disorders and/or suicide
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Sociocultural Factors in Suicide
• More common among college students than people of the same age who do not attend college
• Older people are more likely to commit suicide than teenagers
• Suicide rate among older unmarried or divorced people is double that of older married people
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Sociocultural Factors in Suicide
• One in six Native Americans has attempted suicide
• African Americans are least likely to attempt suicide
• Three times as many females attempt suicide• Five times as many males succeed in suicide
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Myths about Suicide
• Individuals who fail at suicide are only seeking attention
• Discussion of suicide prompts suicide attempts
• People who would take their own lives are insane
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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
• Severe psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in – thought and language,– perception and attention,– motor activity,– mood,– withdrawal and absorption in fantasy
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Positive Versus Negative Symptoms
• Positive symptoms– Presence of inappropriate behaviors• Agitated behavior, hallucinations, delusions,
disorganized thinking, nonsensical speech
• Negative symptoms– Absence of appropriate behaviors• Flat, emotionless voices, blank faces, rigid, motionless
bodies, mutism
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Problems in Thinking and Language
• Thought disorder– Thinking and communication become unraveled– Delusions• of grandeur• of persecution• of reference
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Problems in Perception
• Hallucinations– May be visual or auditory
• Motor activity may become wild or slowed– Stupor
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Truth or Fiction?
• People with schizophrenia may see and hear things that are not really there.
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Truth or Fiction?
• People with schizophrenia may see and hear things that are not really there.
• TRUE!
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Types of Schizophrenia
• Paranoid Schizophrenia– Systematized delusions
• Disorganized Schizophrenia– Incoherence; extreme social impairment
• Catatonic Schizophrenia– Motor impairment; waxy flexibility
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Explaining Schizophrenia
• Psychological– Behaviorists – conditioning and observational
learning
• Sociocultural– Socioeconomic class
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Explaining Schizophrenia
• Biological– Brain differences– Heredity– Complications during pregnancy and birth– Birth during winter– Dopamine theory of schizophrenia
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Average Rates of Loss of Gray Matter Among Normal
Adolescents and Adolescents Diagnosed with Schizophrenia
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Relationship to a Person Diagnosed with Schizophrenia and
Likelihood of Being Diagnosed with Schizophrenia Oneself
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Explaining Schizophrenia
• Biopsychosocial perspective– Genetic predisposition– Genetic vulnerability interacts with other factors
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The Biopsychosocial Model of Schizophrenia
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Personality Disorders
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Personality Disorders
• Characterized by enduring patterns of behavior that are maladaptive and inflexible
• Impair personal or social functioning• Source of distress
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Types of Personality Disorders
• Paranoid Personality Disorder– Interpret other’s behavior as threatening or
demeaning
• Schizotypal Personality Disorder– Peculiarities of thought, perception, or behavior
• Schizoid Personality Disorder– Indifference to relationships and flat emotional
response
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Truth or Fiction?
• Some people can kill or maim others without any feelings of guilt.
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Truth or Fiction?
• Some people can kill or maim others without any feelings of guilt.
• TRUE!
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Types of Personality Disorders
• Borderline Personality Disorder– Instability in relationships, self-image, and mood
• Antisocial Personality Disorder– Persistently violate the law– Show no guilt or remorse and are largely
undeterred by punishment
• Avoidant Personality Disorder– Avoid relationships for fear of rejection
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Origins of Personality Disorders
• Biological– Genetic factors• Personality traits that may be inherited• Antisocial personality – less gray matter in prefrontal
cortex
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Explaining Personality Disorders
• Psychological– Learning theory• Childhood experiences
– Cognitive• Misinterpretation of other people’s behaviors
• Sociocultural– Borderline personality – may reflect the
fragmented society in which one lives