Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Transcript of Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
![Page 1: Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022070400/56813514550346895d9c688c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Abnormal Behavior
• The medical model• What is abnormal behavior?
– Deviant– Maladaptive – Causing personal distress
• A continuum of normal/abnormal
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Figure 14.2 Normality and abnormality as a continuum
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Prevalence, Causes, and Course
• Epidemiology• Prevalence• Lifetime prevalence• Diagnosis• Etiology• Prognosis
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Figure 14.5 Lifetime prevalence of psychological disorders
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Psychodiagnosis:The Classification of Disorders
• American Psychiatric Association• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders – 4th ed. (DSM - 4)
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Five Axes
• Axis I – Clinical Syndromes• Axis II – Personality Disorders or Mental
Retardation• Axis III – General Medical Conditions• Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental
Problems• Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning
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Axis I Clinical Syndromes
• Anxiety Disorders• Somatoform Disorders• Dissociative Disorders• Mood Disorders• Schizophrenic Disorders
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Clinical Syndromes: Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized anxiety disorder– “free-floating anxiety”
• Phobic disorder– Specific focus of fear
• Panic disorder and agoraphobia• Obsessive compulsive disorder
– Obsessions– Compulsions
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
• Biological factors– Genetic predisposition, anxiety sensitivity– GABA circuits in the brain
• Conditioning and learning– Acquired through classical conditioning or
observational learning– Maintained through operant conditioning
• Cognitive factors– Judgments of perceived threat
• Personality– Neuroticism
• Stress—a precipitator
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Figure 14.6 Twin studies of anxiety disorders
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Figure 14.7 Conditioning as an explanation for phobias
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Figure 14.8 Cognitive factors in anxiety disorders
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Clinical Syndromes: Somatoform Disorders
• Somatization Disorder• Conversion Disorder• Hypochondriasis
– Etiology• Reactive autonomic nervous system• Personality factors• Cognitive factors• The sick role
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Figure 14.10 Glove anesthesia
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Clinical Syndromes: Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative amnesia• Dissociative fugue• Dissociative identity disorder
– Etiology• severe emotional trauma during
childhood– Controversy
• Media creation?
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Clinical Syndromes: Mood Disorders
• Major depressive disorder– Dysthymic disorder
• Bipolar disorder– Cyclothymic disorder
• Etiology– Genetic vulnerability– Neurochemical factors– Cognitive factors– Interpersonal roots– Precipitating stress
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Figure 14.11 Episodic patterns in mood disorders
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Figure 14.13 Twin studies of mood disorders
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Figure 14.15 Negative thinking and prediction of depression
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Figure 14.16 Interpersonal factors in depression
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Clinical Syndromes: Schizophrenia
• General symptoms– Delusions and irrational thought– Deterioration of adaptive behavior– Hallucinations– Disturbed emotions
• Prognostic factors
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Subtyping of Schizophrenia
• 4 subtypes– Paranoid type– Catatonic type– Disorganized type– Undifferentiated type
• New model for classification– Positive vs. negative symptoms
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Etiology of Schizophrenia
• Genetic vulnerability• Neurochemical factors• Structural abnormalities of the brain• The neurodevelopmental hypothesis• Expressed emotion• Precipitating stress
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Figure 14.18 The dopamine hypothesis as an explanation for schizophrenia
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Figure 14.20 The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia
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Personality Disorders
• Anxious-fearful cluster– Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-
compulsive• Dramatic-impulsive cluster
– Histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial
• Odd-eccentric cluster– Schizoid, schizotypal, paranoid
• Etiology– Genetic predispositions, inadequate
socialization in dysfunctional families
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Table 14.2 Personality Disorders
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Psychological Disorders and the Law
• Insanity– M’naghten rule
• Involuntary commitment– danger to self– danger to others– in need of treatment
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Figure 14.22 The insanity defense: public perceptions and actual realities
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Culture and Pathology
• Cultural variations• Culture bound disorders
– Koro– Windigo– Anorexia nervosa