CHAPTER 11 REVIEWThe Black Death-100 Years War-

Great Schism

Feudalism During the middle ages Feudalism was the form of

government of much of Europe

King on top had complete control

Lords (aristocrats-nobles) had wealth and supported king

Knights fought

Peasants (the great majority) lived miserably with no rights

Trouble A-brewing Little Ice Age hits Europe in the end of the 13th

Century Small drop in temp= disastrous weather conditions

The Great Famine Heavy rain leads to plant destruction 10% of the population dies Survivors are malnourished

Increased trade with Genghis Khan’s protection of the silk road

Black Death Bubonic Plague= Yersinia Pestis came

from fleas on infested rats.

Starts in ports in Sicily and spreads northward in the middle of the 14th C

Estimates claim that 25-50% were killed. . .

Aftermath of the Plague Some people abandon social norms (Boccaccio’s quote

307)

Extreme asceticism: Flagellants not very popular with the higher-ups

Pogroms and anti-semitism

Loss of life meant raise in wages and decrease in prices

Lack of labor means giving in to demands including limited legal rights

Peasants begin to fight Feudalism (manorialism) begins to fade

Upset nobles try to have the monarch crush revolts

Peasant revolts spread throughout the land (Jacquerie or the ciompi)

Peasants begin to fight for rights. . . Only men sorry ladies

War erupts Causes:

King Philip IV (of France) dies with no male heir

Isabella of England, (she-wolf) daughter of P4, has her son Edward III claim title since he is in line

French decide to go with a cousin and rename him Philip VI of Valois

Year later in 1337 Edward does not give homage for Gascony and Philip takes it. Edward declares war!

Course of the War French army wore heavy armor and cavalrymen

looked with disdain on foot soldiers and crossbowmen

English used peasants with pikes and bows (go welsh)

English win at Crecy with more advanced army in 1346

The Black Prince (Edward’s son) devastates the French later (battle of Poitiers) capture French king John II and a momentary truce is made

Phase 2 John’s son Charles V gets it all back by

1374 for France

Henry V (England) in 1415 at battle of Agincourt. Heavily armored French get stuck in the mud and are slaughtered (took advantage of a French civil war)

Henry marries Catherine (Charles VI’s) daughter and becomes heir apparent

A woman saves France Charles the Dauphin (VI’s son) becomes

frustrated and is saved unexpectedly by the leadership of a peasant woman (Joan of Arc)

Win at Orleans

Burgundians capture the girl and she is burned to death as a witch at 19 : (

War lasted from 1337-1453. . . ish

Impact of 100 years War Most Europeans realize that the old

fighting system needs to be changed to incorporate more peasants and bowman

Growing tensions from England and France

Influence of a woman in politics/military

Terms Activity Scutage 3rd Estate Golden Bull Mysticism Petrarch Dante Conciliarism Popolo Grasso

The Great Schism “The struggles between the papacy and

secular monarchies began during the pontificate of Pope Boniface VIII” . . . . Understand?

King Philip IV (remember p4!) of France began to tax the church

Pope Boniface responds with pg 322 the Unam Sanctam

Great Schism cont Unam Sanctam claimed that secular

rulers could not control religious ones!

Pope excommunicates Philip IV

Philip sends a military and kidnaps the pope!!!

The Italians freak out and save him . . . And the peasants rejoice

Papacy in Avignon (1305-1377) Pope Boniface ultimately dies of stress

from the whole event and a college of cardinals is summoned

Phillip IV “encourages” the cardinals to elect a French pope.

Clement V takes up residence in a city of popes (avignon) . . . . And the peasants do not rejoice

Papacy in Avignon People become frustrated with the church

in Avignon (very wealthy) and pope is the bishop of Rome

People become suspicious that the French are using the papacy as puppets 113 of 134 new cardinals are French!

Catherine of Siena calls Pope Gregory XI out pg 323

Changes in the Church Gregory XI returns to Rome and dies

At the new college of cardinals Roman citizens “encourage” the cardinals to elect a non-French pope pg 324

Urban VI is chosen (an Italian. . . . And no I don’t know why we went from Urban VIII to the VI)

French get back Urban VI brings in a ton of new Italian

cardinals and the French run away

French church leaders claim it was a sham and call for a new pope to be elected and choose Clement VII who returns to Avignon

Great Schism begins in the Church with election of two popes

More Popes Both popes excommunicate each other

Marsiglio writes Defender of the Peace and claims church authority has no power over secular activities and should be separated

Rise of Conciliarism: Have a church council to determine changes and solve problems not single church leaders

Conciliarism Fail Council of Pisa deposes both popes and

elects Alexander V. . . . Yeah?!?

Another ecumenical council is held by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund and Martin V is elected and 3 popes all kicked out

Results of Great Schism People lost faith in the church and its hold

over Europe was significantly weakened

Wealth of the church led to many great monuments and sculptures (Renaissance)

Rise in Mysticism

Aquinas, Occam and Nominalism-Reason