Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders
description
Transcript of Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders
![Page 1: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Anatomy and Physiology Two main purposes
Changing foods into simpler substances Eliminating waste products
Alimentary canal - continuous tube running from mouth to anus
2
![Page 3: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Anatomy and Physiology Accessory organs
TongueTeethSalivary glandsGallbladderPancreasLiver
3
![Page 4: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Common Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms related to
hemorrhage, perforation, and altered motility
Terms identifying bleedingHematemesisHematocheziaMelena
4
![Page 5: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Common Signs and Symptoms Perforation in stomach or intestines
causes peritonitis and septicemia Alteration in motility include diarrhea,
vomiting, nausea, or constipation
5
![Page 6: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Diagnostic Tests X-ray Endoscopic exam - EGD-
esophagogastroduodenoscopy GI series - barium swallow and enema Occult blood Ova and parasites
6
![Page 7: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Diseases of the Mouth Dental caries - disease of teeth where
bacteria stick to tooth surface called plaque
Periodontal Disease - affects supporting structures of teeth such as gums
7
![Page 8: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Diseases of the Mouth Periodontal Disease
Main cause of tooth loss in adultsPoor oral hygiene and inadequate dietLeads to gingivitis - inflammation of gumsPrevention: brushing and flossing, regular
dental care, adequate diet
8
![Page 9: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Diseases of the Mouth Cancer of mouth
Squamous cell carcinoma of lip is a common oral cancer
Usually on lower lip from exposure to sunlight, chewing tobacco, and pipe or cigar smoking
Treatment: radiation and surgical excision
9
![Page 10: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus
PharyngitisCommonly called a sore throatViral or bacterialDiagnosis is made by throat cultureIf caused by strep, treated with antibiotics
10
![Page 11: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus
Reflux EsophagitisInflammation of tissue at end of esophagusCaused by backflow of stomach acids
through cardiac sphincter upward into the esophagus
11
![Page 12: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus
Reflux EsophagitisSymptoms
○ Heartburn○ Burning sensation in the mid-chest or
epigastric areaLong-term reflux can lead to bleeding,
ulceration, and scarring of the esophagus
12
![Page 13: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus
Reflux EsophagitisTreatment
○ Reduce reflux○ Avoid large meals○ Avoid spicy foods, caffeine, and tight clothing
13
![Page 14: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus
Reflux EsophagitisTreatment
○ Stool softeners○ Laxatives○ Antacids and those that tighten the
gastroesophageal sphincter○ Sleep with head of bed elevated
14
![Page 15: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus
Hiatal HerniaPart of stomach sliding into the chest cavityIncreases with age and weakness of cardiac
sphincterMay be asymptomatic but can be related to
reflux
15
![Page 16: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Diseases of the Throat and Esophagus
Esophageal VaricesEnlarged, tortuous veins of the esophagus Usually related to cirrhosis of the liverCommon cause is excessive alcohol
consumptionHemorrhage is life threatening
16
![Page 17: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Diseases of the Stomach Gastritis
Inflammation of stomachSymptoms
○ Epigastric pain○ Bloating○ Nausea
17
![Page 18: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Diseases of the Stomach Gastritis
Due to irritating agents such as aspirin, alcohol, coffee, tobacco, or bacterial-laden foods
Helicobacter gastritis is caused by small bacteria in stomach lining
18
![Page 19: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Diseases of the Stomach Gastritis
Diagnosis of helicobacter gastritis is confirmed by biopsy
Treatment○ Pepto-Bismol○ Flagyl ○ Amoxicillin
19
![Page 20: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Diseases of the Stomach Peptic Ulcer
Found in stomach and duodenum Caused in part by action of pepsinPeptic ulcers called gastric ulcers
20
![Page 21: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Diseases of the Stomach Peptic Ulcer
Treatment○ Reduction of contributory factors○ Antacids○ Tagament, Pepcid, Zantac○ Surgery in severe cases
21
![Page 22: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Diseases of the Stomach Cancer of the stomach
Affects more males than femalesOften goes undiagnosed until it
metastasizesSymptoms
○ Loss of appetite○ General stomach distress○ Heartburn
22
![Page 23: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Diseases of the Stomach Cancer of the stomach
Treatment○ Surgical resection○ Chemotherapy○ Radiation
Prognosis is good if discovered early
23
![Page 24: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Diseases of the Small Intestine Malabsorption Syndrome
Small intestine unable to absorb nutrientsDifficulty absorbing fats and mineralsTreatment includes diet therapyComplication is bleeding due to lack of
vitamin K absorption
24
![Page 25: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Diseases of the Small Intestine Regional Enteritis (Crohn’s Disease)
Chronic inflammatory disease most commonly affecting the small intestine
Characterized by exacerbation and remission
Also called Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
25
![Page 26: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Diseases of the Small Intestine Regional Enteritis (Crohn’s Disease)
Symptoms: ○ Anorexia○ Flatulence○ Abdominal pain○ Diarrhea and constipation
26
![Page 27: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Diseases of the Small Intestine Regional Enteritis (Crohn’s Disease)
Treatment is supportiveSurgical resection is not curative but is done
to treat complications
27
![Page 28: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Diseases of the Small Intestine Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of stomach and intestinesCauses
○ Bacterial○ Viruses○ Parasitic invasion
28
![Page 29: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Diseases of the Small Intestine Gastroenteritis
Symptoms○ Nausea ○ Vomiting○ Abdominal cramping and diarrhea○ Stomach rumbling and malaise
29
![Page 30: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Diseases of the Small Intestine Gastroenteritis
Treatment○ Anti-nausea and anti-diarrheal medications○ Antibiotics○ Fluids○ Nutritional support
30
![Page 31: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Diseases of the Small Intestine Gastroenteritis
Prevention○ Hand washing prior to food preparation○ Proper refrigeration○ Avoidance of contaminated food and/or water
31
![Page 32: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Diseases of the Small Intestine Inguinal Hernia
Outpouching of the small intestine and peritoneum into the groin area
More common in males
32
![Page 33: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Diseases of the Small Intestine Inguinal Hernia
Strangulated hernia if portions of the herniated intestine become caught and twisted, cutting off blood supply to organ
Treatment is surgical repair
33
![Page 34: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon Appendicitis - Inflammation of appendix
Symptoms○ Abdominal pain that shifts to RLQ○ Nausea○ Vomiting○ Fever○ Leukocytosis
34
![Page 35: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon Appendicitis
Treatment○ Surgical excision hopefully before rupture
35
![Page 36: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon Intestinal Obstruction
Inability to move contents through intestineBlockage in intestine, disease, or ileus Blockage may occur from tumors, hernias,
twisted colon, adhesions, intussussception, paralytic obstruction
36
![Page 37: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon Intestinal Obstruction
Symptoms○ Mild to severe abdominal pain and distention○ Nausea and vomiting
Treatment○ Nasogastric suctioning and surgery
37
![Page 38: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon Ulcerative Colitis
Chronic inflammation of colonSymptoms
○ Lower abdominal pain○ Blood in the stools○ Anemia and diarrhea
38
![Page 39: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon Ulcerative Colitis
Treatment○ Dietary limitations○ Stress reduction○ Mild sedatives○ Anti-inflammatory medications
Surgery if treatment is unsuccessful
39
![Page 40: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Spastic Colon)Most common intestinal disorderInflammation of bowel with chronic lesionsSymptoms
○ Abdominal pain○ Altered motility○ Diarrhea or constipation
40
![Page 41: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Spastic Colon)Causes
○ Spicy foods and seasonings○ Caffeine○ Alcohol○ Stress
Treatment is avoidance of causative factors
41
![Page 42: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon Dysentery
Acute inflammation of colonMain symptom is massive diarrhea with
blood, pus, and mucous accompanied by severe abdominal pain
42
![Page 43: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon Dysentery
Treatment is dependent on cause but antibiotics may be used to treat bacterial infection
43
![Page 44: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon
Diverticulosis/DiverticulitisDiverticulosis is condition of diverticula or
little outpouchesDiverticulitis - outpouches become packed
with fecal material and become irritated and inflamed
44
![Page 45: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon
Diverticulosis/DiverticulitisSymptoms
○ Low abdominal pain○ Cramping
Treatment○ Antibiotics○ Dietary modification
45
![Page 46: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon Colon Polyps
Inward projection of mucosal lining of colonDiagnosed during a colonoscopy or
sigmoidoscopySuspicious polyps are excisionally biopsied
46
![Page 47: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon Carcinoma of the colon and rectum -
colorectal cancerSymptoms
○ Change in bowel habits○ Pencil-sized stools○ Blood in the stools○ Anemia○ Abdominal discomfort and obstruction
47
![Page 48: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Diseases of the Colon Carcinoma of the colon and rectum
Adenocarcinomas are most commonDiagnosis
○ Stool exams for occult blood○ Colonoscopy○ Barium enema
Prevention: diet and stool examinations
48
![Page 49: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Diseases of the Rectum Hemorrhoids
Varicose veins in rectum - internal or external
Causes○ Pressure in the anal area○ Constipation○ Prolonged standing○ Pregnancy and childbirth
49
![Page 50: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Diseases of the Rectum Hemorrhoids
Prevention○ Stool softening○ Good bowel habits○ Fluids and fiber○ Exercise○ Avoid laxative use
50
![Page 51: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Diseases of the Rectum Hemorrhoids
Treatment○ Medications○ Warm sitz baths○ Manual reduction○ Cryosurgery and hemorrhoidectomy
51
![Page 52: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Trauma Trauma to mouth
Due to○ Motor vehicle accidents○ Falls○ Abuse ○ Burns ○ Blunt or perforating injury
52
![Page 53: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Trauma Stomach or intestines
Usually due to perforation as result of stabbing or gunshot wound
Medical emergencyTreatment is usually surgical
53
![Page 54: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Rare Diseases Achalasia - disorder of esophagus
causing pain with swallowing Gluten-Induced Enteropathy - called
Celiac Sprue disease Intestinal Polyps - benign tumors found
along lining of the intestine
54
![Page 55: Chapter 11 Digestive System Diseases and Disorders](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062302/568167f2550346895ddd65dc/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Effects of Aging on the System Disorders are common Decreased sense of taste Loss of teeth Increased incidence of ulcer disease Constipation problems Development of hemorrhoids
55