Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report
-
Upload
cyrus-verastigue -
Category
Health & Medicine
-
view
1.693 -
download
1
description
Transcript of Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report
![Page 1: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Digestive and Endocrine Disorders
Group 2:VerastigueVersozaZafraCabildo SerranoNarag
![Page 2: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
GERD
GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease
![Page 3: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Digestive Disorder: GERD
Acid reflux occurs when the sphincter muscle at the lower end of your esophagus relaxes at the wrong time, allowing stomach acid to back up into your esophagus. This can cause heartburn and other signs and symptoms. Frequent or constant reflux can lead to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
![Page 4: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
GERD Symptoms
1. Hoarseness. If acid reflux gets past the upper esophageal sphincter, it can enter the throat (pharynx) and even the voice box (larynx), causing hoarseness.
2. Laryngitis
3. Nausea
4.Sore throat
5. Chronic dry cough, especially at night. GERD is a common cause of unexplained coughing. It is not clear how cough is caused or aggravated by GERD.
![Page 7: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
6. Asthma. Some of these nerves that are stimulated by the refluxed acid stimulates the nerves to the lungs, which then can cause the smaller breathing tubes to narrow, resulting in an attack of asthma.
7. Feeling as if there is a lump in your throat
8. Bad breath
9. Chest pain/discomfort
10. Heartburn
![Page 8: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
GERD Medications
Surgery for GERD may involve a procedure to reinforce the lower esophageal sphincter called Nissen fundoplication. In this procedure, the surgeon wraps the top of the stomach around the lower esophagus. This reinforces the lower esophageal sphincter, making it less likely that acid will back up in the esophagus.
![Page 9: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Nissen Fundoplication
![Page 11: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
IBS
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
![Page 12: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Terms used to describe diverticula in your large bowel:
Diverticulosis. Many people have diverticula without having any symptoms. They may only be found when you have a scan or tests for another problem. Having diverticula without symptoms is called diverticulosis.
Diverticular disease. If diverticula cause symptoms, this is known as diverticular disease.
Diverticulitis. If diverticula become inflamed and cause an illness, the condition is known as diverticulitis.
![Page 13: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Diverticular disease happens when small areas of the lining of your bowel weaken and form bulges or pouches, over the course of many years. These are known as diverticula. Most diverticula are found in the lower part of your large bowel, although some people get them in other parts of their bowel.
Most diverticula occur in the sigmoid colon, the curved part of the large intestine closest to the rectum, and they tend to become more numerous as we age.
Digestive Disorder: IBS
![Page 14: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Diverticulosis is the presence of many diverticula along the intestinal wall. It occurs more commonly in countries such as the U.S. where the diet is generally low in fiber.The cause of diverticular disease is unknown, but several factors may contribute to changes in the wall of the colon. These include aging, the movement of waste through the colon, changes in intestinal pressure, a low fiber diet, and physical abnormalities.
![Page 15: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
IBS Symptoms1. Abdominal pain, especially after a meal on the lower left side of the
abdomen
2. Either painless rectal bleeding or passing of blood in stool
3. Fever
4. Nausea
5. Vomiting
6. Irregular bowel movements, including constipation or diarrhea
7. Gas
8. Bloating
![Page 17: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
IBS MedicationsFor mild symptoms, your health care provider may recommend a clear liquid diet and prescribe antibiotics. Eating a high-fiber diet may help following an attack. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to fight infection, antispasmodics to relieve cramping, and analgesics to relieve pain.
If you have repeated episodes of diverticulitis, respond poorly to medical therapy, or have other complications, your health care provider may recommend removing part of the colon. If you have severe complications, or if your condition worsens within 1 - 2 days of attack, you may need surgery right away.
![Page 19: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Cushing’s Syndrome
![Page 20: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Endocrine Disorder: Cushing’s Syndrome
Cushing’s syndrome consists of thephysical and mental changes that result from having too much cortisol in the blood for a long period of time. Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands, located above the kidneys
![Page 21: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Two Types:Exogenous- caused by factors outside the body. This is found in patients taking cortisol-like medications such as prednisone. These medications are used to treat inflammatory disorders such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, or to suppress the immune system after an organ transplant. This type of Cushing’s is temporary and goes away after the patient has finished taking the cortisol-like medications.
![Page 22: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Endogenous- the adrenal glands produce too much cortisol. It usually comes on slowly and can be difficult to diagnose. This type of Cushing’s is most often caused by hormone-secreting tumors of the adrenal glands or the pituitary, a gland located at the base of the brain. In the adrenal glands, the tumor (usually non-cancerous) produces too much cortisol. In the pituitary, the tumor produces too much ACTH—the hormone that tells the adrenal glands to make cortisol. When the tumors form in the pituitary, the condition is often called Cushing’s disease.
![Page 23: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Symptoms1. Weight gain, especially in the upper body
2. Rounded face and extra fat on the upper back and above the collarbones
3. High blood sugar (diabetes)
4. High blood pressure (hypertension)
5. Thin bones (osteoporosis)
6. Muscle loss and weakness
7. Thin, fragile skin that bruises easily
![Page 25: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
8. Purple-red stretch marks (usually over the abdomen and under the arms)
9. Depression and difficulties thinking clearly
10. Too much facial hair in women
11. Irregular or absent menstrual periods and infertility
12. Reduced sex drive
13. Poor height growth and obesity in children
![Page 26: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
MedicationsFor endogenous Cushing’s syndrome, theinitial approach is almost always surgery toremove the tumor responsible for highcortisol levels. Although surgery is usuallysuccessful, some patients may also needmedications that lower cortisol orradiation therapy to destroy remainingtumor cells. Some patients must have both adrenal glands removed to controlCushing’s syndrome.
![Page 28: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Our References: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM03999
http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&safe=off&gbv=2&biw=1366&bih=677&tbm=isch&sa=1&q=nissen+fundoplication&oq=nissen+fundoplication&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&gs_sm=3&gs_upl=871017l8780
http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/diverticular-disease-000051.htm#ixzz3qH1bFeMx
http://www.hormone.org/Pituitary/upload/cushings-syndrome-billingual-032309.pdf
![Page 29: Digestive and Endocrine Disorders Report](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022042813/548d6c6eb47959763e8b4599/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
THE END!
We Hope You Learned
Something From our Report!