Chapter 10 The Islamic World. Rome’s Three Heirs Byzantium Islam Latin Christendom.
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Transcript of Chapter 10 The Islamic World. Rome’s Three Heirs Byzantium Islam Latin Christendom.
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Chapter 10
The Islamic World
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Rome’s Three Heirs
Byzantium
Islam
Latin Christendom
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Islam
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Arabs before Muhammad
Polytheism
Kaaba, a pilgrimage shrine located in Mecca, in which the sacred Black Stone (probably a meteorite) is housed.
Politically disunited
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The Prophet Muhammad
c. 570: Birth of Muhammadc. 610: Mohammed’s conversion;
revelations from Gabriel622: The hijra (“migration”)
Muhammad fled to Medina First year in Muslim calendar
630: Muhammad captured Mecca 632: Muhammad died.
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Orthodox Caliphate
632-661 (the first four caliphs)
634-644: Omar
634: Conquest of Damascus
636: Conquest of Jerusalem and
Persia
640: Conquest of Egypt
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The Expansion of Islam, 622 - ca. 750
http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/44cdc9b11080f6cc70ca.jpg
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Omayyad Caliphate (Damascus)
661-750
Conquest of North Africa and Spain.
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Abbasid Caliphate (Baghdad)
750-1258
1258: Mongols sacked Baghdad. Abbasid Caliphate ended.
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Two Governing Orientations
Umayyads vs. Abbasids
Westward Eastward
Damascus Baghdad
661-750 8th-10th
centuries
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Omayyad Emirate in Spain
756-1031
1056: Ferdinand I of Castile proclaimed himself “Emperor of Spain,” beginning the “Reconquista.”
1492: End of the Reconquista in Spain.
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The Ottoman Empire
1350-1918
1453: Constantinople was conquered.
1914: The Ottoman Empire entered World War I
1919-1924: End of the Ottoman Empire
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Referenceshttp://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Islam/Islam.html
http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Islam/Beliefs.html
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Islamic Culture
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Allah = God
Islam = submission to God’s will
Muslims = those who submit
Jihad = the struggle to lead a virtuous life and to further the universal mission of Islam through teaching, preaching, and when necessary, warfare.
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Religion
Strict monotheism.
Emphasis on personal morality set by the Quran (or Koran; literally, “recitation”).
Absence of clergy.
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Five Pillars of Faith
(1) Declaring the central belief: “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God.”
(2) Saying prayers five times a day
(3) Almsgiving
(4) Fasting from dawn until sunset during the sacred month of Ramadan
(5) Making the pilgrimage to Mecca
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Government
Theocracy: government and religion are inseparable.
Caliph: the supreme religious and political leader of all Muslims.
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ScholarshipArab scholars preserved hundreds of ancient Greek manuscripts, copying and editing them in Arabic translations (Fiero 227).
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ScholarshipThe fund of scientific and technological knowledge, along with Arabic scholarship on Aristotle, stimulated a rebirth of learning in the 12th century and contributed to the rise of Western universities (Fiero 227).
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LiteraturePoetry: Romantic love was a favorite subject, which had profound influence on the medieval romance (troubadour poetry) and the Renaissance poet Petrarch (Fiero 228).
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LiteratureSufi Poetry: A sufi is an ascetic Islam mystic who seeks to hold communion with the deity through contemplation and ecstasy.“Whatsoever I say in exposition and explanation of Love, when I come to Love itself I am ashamed of that explanation.” (Rumi)
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LiteratureProse:
The Thousand and One Night
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Islamic ArtTaken from http://www.victorynewsmagazine.com/Arabesque.htm
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Idolatry Is Forbidden.
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Calligraphy
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ArabesqueThus, depiction of foliage in its varied forms became a very prominent feature of Arabesque art. One can visualize a strong link between art and nature in Islamic monuments where scrolling vines, surreal flowers and gracefully flowing leaves can be seen everywhere . . . .
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InspirationThe single most important factor that influenced the creation and evolution of Islamic Art is the Quran itself. One can find many verses in the Quran mentioning the beauty and abundance of Paradise with its exquisite gardens beneath which rivers flow.
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Geometric FormsIslam and science were never seen as two separate subjects. From the Islamic viewpoint, geometry is one of the streams that flows from the Fountainhead of Islam. This belief that science is an integral part of Islam led to many discoveries and advancements in the field of mathematics by Muslims.
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Islamic Art is therefore characterized by a beautiful combination of artistic foliage designs with geometric principles. The combination creates exquisite works of art unique only to the Islamic Cultural heritage.
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Regulating Principles
Repetition
Infinite extension
The looping together of motifs to form a meandering, overall pattern (Fiero 231).
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Arches of the Great Mosque, Córdoba, Spain, begun 784-787. White marble and red sandstone,
http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/08fcc1f55767cf1eb258.jpg
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Court of the Lions, Alhambra palace, Granada. Mid-14th century. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/727024f6dfff6a69cf5f.jpg
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Sinan the Great, Mosque of Suleyman I, Istanbul, Turkey, begun 1550.
http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/f7e3dee5e1758fc86ce5.jpg
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http://www.greatbuildings.com/cgi-bin/gbi.cgi/Suyleman_Mosque.html/cid_1723343.html
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Sinan the Great. Interior of the mosque of Suleyman l, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Entry portal, Shah Mosque, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), 1611-1666. http://mh1.xplana.com/imagevault/upload/b33a2d823416578dce23.jpg
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The End