Chapter 10, Section 1 Do Now Why did the Catholic Church feel threatened by Galileo?
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Transcript of Chapter 10, Section 1 Do Now Why did the Catholic Church feel threatened by Galileo?
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Chapter 10, Section 1
Do Now
Why did the Catholic Church feel threatened by Galileo?
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Chapter 10 Timeline 1543 – Vesalius Publishes On the Fabric of the Human Body 1610 – Galileo’s discoveries are published 1628 – Harvey publishes On the Motion of the Heart and Blood 1632 – Galileo faces the Inquisition 1637 – Descartes publishes Discourse on Method 1702 – First daily newspaper published in London 1714 – The Hanoverian dynasty is established 1721 – Robert Wadpole becomes cabinet head in Britain 1730s – Rococo style spreads 1740 – War of Austrian Succession begins 1748 – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 1748 – Baron de Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of the Laws 1756 – The Seven Years’ War erupts 1757 – William Pitt the Elder becomes cabinet head 1762 – Rousseau publishes The Social Contract 1762 – Catherine the Great becomes ruler of Russia 1763 – Voltaire writes his Treatise on Toleration 1763 – The Treaty of Paris is signed 1776 – Adam Smith publishes The Wealth of Nations 1776 – The American Revolution begins 1783 – Treaty of Paris recognizes American Independence
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The Scientific Revolution
Turning Points - Bill Blakemore
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Impact of the Renaissance Review: Rebirth of Antiquity Humanists mastered Latin and Greek Rediscovered classical works
PtolemyArchimedesPlatoAristotle
Studying led to diverse ideas
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Inventions/Developments Printing Press (Gutenberg)
LiteracySpread of ideas
Accurate MeasurementsWeights ships could carry
InstrumentsTelescopeMicroscope
MathematicsRediscovered ancient worksDeveloped new theories
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Astronomy Geocentric Model
Ptolemaic system (2nd century)Earth-centeredUniverse – concentric spheres
Heliocentric modelCopernicus’ system (16th century)Sun-centeredUniverse – Elliptical orbits
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Nicholas Copernicus Polish mathematician 1543 Publication
On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres Heliocentric System
Sun-centeredEarth revolves and rotates
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Johannes Kepler
German mathematician Disproves Ptolemy
Used detailed astronomical data Laws of Planetary Movement
Confirmed sun-centered universeElliptical Orbits of planets
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Galileo Galilei Italian teacher of mathematics Telescope
Inventor/developer Made regular observations of the
heavens Discoveries
Mountains on the moon 4 moons of Jupiter (Galilean moons) Sunspots Heavenly bodies have substance
Issues with the church Threatened church’s conception
(idea/portrayal) of the universe.
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What did Galileo see?The 4 Galilean Satellites in a photo montage at left
An amateur image of the moons below (like what Galileo would have observed)
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Sir Isaac Newton Brilliant mind
United the works of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo Background
Born: 1642 in EnglandCambridge University scholarMathematics professor
PublicationMathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyAka Principia
Universal Law of GravitationExplains planetary movementMotion of objects in the universe
Newton - Glencoe
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Medicine Developments Antiquity
Galen (100 AD)Greek physician
Andres VesaliusDissected human bodiesDescription of organsDetailed account on the body
William Harvey Heart circulates blood, not the liverBlood cycle through veins
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Chemistry
Robert BoyleChemistry experimentsBoyle’s Law
○ Property of gasses○ Volume varies based on pressure applied
Antoine LavoisierSystem for naming elements Founder of Modern Chemistry
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Women’s Contributions Margaret Cavendish
English aristocratic familyWrote on scientific matters
○ Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy○ Published under her own name
Maria WinkelmannGerman astronomer Discovered a cometApplied to ranking position
○ After husband’s death○ Denied: lack of education and a woman
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Philosophy and Reason
Rene DescartesFrench philosopherIdeology
○ Uncertainty seemed to be everywhere○ “I think, therefore I am” certain
Philosophy dominated Western thought○ Until the 20th century
RationalismReason is the chief source of knowledge
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Scientific Method Francis Bacon
English philosopher ○ Few scientific credentials○ Not a scientist
“The true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power.”
Scientific MethodSystematic procedure for collecting and analyzing
evidenceMajor element of modern science
Inductive reasoningParticular General thinking
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Scientific Method
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Chapter 10, Section 1