Chapter 10 CLASSIFICATION Classification: an orderly grouping of organisms The study of classifying...
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Transcript of Chapter 10 CLASSIFICATION Classification: an orderly grouping of organisms The study of classifying...
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Chapter 10CLASSIFICATION
• Classification: an orderly grouping of organisms • The study of classifying organisms is called
taxonomy– Provides universal names for organisms– Provides a reference for identifying organisms
• There are tow approaches to classification
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Convenience vs. Phylogenetic Classification
• THE CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES IN PLACE TODAY ARE MAINLY BASED ON THE CONVENIENCE METHOD.
• ANY PHYLOGENY IS ASSUMED AND NOT PROVED SCIENTIFICALLY.
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History of Kingdom• WHITTAKER’S FIVE KINGDOM
CLASSIFICATION - A CONVENIENCE METHOD.
• THE HISTORY OF KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SCHEMES
• THE FIRST CLASSIFICATION SCHEME WAS DEVELOPED BY ARISTOTLE 2000 YEARS AGO.
• PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
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History of Kingdom (continue)
• IN THE LATE 1800’S, A THIRD KINGDOM WAS ADDED: PROTISTA
• IN THE 1950’S, A FORTH KINGDOM WAS ADDED: MONERA
• PROCARYOTIC AND EUCARYOTIC CELL STRUCTURE
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History of Kingdom
• IN 1969, A FIFTH KINGDOM WAS ADDED: FUNGI
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Taxonomy• 1735 Plant and Animal Kingdoms• 1857 Bacteria & fungi put in the Plant Kingdom• 1866 Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria,
protozoa, algae, & fungi• 1937 "Prokaryote" introduced for cells "without a
nucleus"• 1961 Prokaryote defined as cells in which nucleoplasm
is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane• 1959 Kingdom Fungi• 1968 Kingdom Prokaryotae proposed• 1978 Two types of prokaryotic cells found
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The Basis of Five Kingdom
• WHITTAKER’S FIVE KIGNDOM CLASSIFICATION RELATED ALL ORGANISMS ON THE BASIS OF:
1. MODES OF NUTRITION2. POSITION IN THE ECOLOGICAL FOOD
CHAINA. PRODUCERB. CONSUMERC. DECOMPOSER
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The Basis of Five Kingdom (continue)
3. CELLULAR ORGANIZATIONA. SINGLE CELLB. MULTICELLULARC. PROCARYOTIC/EUCARYOTIC
4. EVOLUTIONARY TREND• WITHIN THE INDIVIDUAL KINGDOMS,
ORGANISMS ARE FURTHER GROUPED INTO SMALLER GROUPS AS FOLLOWS:
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The Basis of Five Kingdom (continue)
• PHYLUM/DIVISION• CLASS• ORDER• FAMILY• GENUS• SPECIES• STRAIN/VARIANT/SUBSPESCIES
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THE PHYLOGENETIC APPROACH
• ORGANISMS THAT ARE GENETICALLY RELATED WILL HAVE MORE CHARACTERISTICS IN COMMON THAN ORGANISMS THAT LOOK A LIKE.
• CARL WOESE AND FRIENDS HAVE BEEN WORKING SINCE 1970 TO PUT IN PLACE A PHYLOGENETIC CLASSIFICATION SCHEME.
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THE PHYLOGENETIC APPROACH (continue)
• COMPARE HEREDITARY MOLECULES OF ORGANISMS.
• THEY SELECTED RIBOSOMAL RNA BECAUSE:
• ALL CELLS HAVE IT AND PLENTY OF IT.• ITS FUNCTION IS THE SAME IN ALL CELLS.• ITS NITROGEN BASE SEQUENCE IS
MODERATELY CONSERVED FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION.
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THE PHYLOGENETIC APPROACH (continue)
• WOESE SEPARATED ORGANISMS IN THE MONERA INTO TWO GROUPS:
- ARCHAEABACTERIA- EUBACTERIA
• ARCHAEABCTERIA TEND TO THRIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS, EUBACTERIA DO NOT.
• ALSO, THERE ARE STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE TWO GROUPS OF BACTERIA.
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The Three-Domain System