Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting, 5th Edition

Chapter 10 — Airport Emergency Planning

ARFF10–2

Chapter 10 Lesson Goal

• After completing this lesson, the student shall be able to describe airport emergency plans and aircraft rescue and fire fighting response to accidents.

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Objectives

1.Discuss airport emergency plans. 2.Describe primary response considerations. 3. Describe secondary response considerations.

(Continued)

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Objectives

4.Discuss emergency response. 5. Explain training considerations.

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Airport Emergency Plan (AEP)

• An essential part of risk management

• Addresses the need for coordinated response

• Complete and detailed

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Types of Aircraft Involved

• Dictate kinds/quantities of resources

• General aviation/commercial– Handled the same– Agricultural aircraft — hazardous

materials response

• Be familiar with military aviation

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Types of Accidents/Incidents

• Know difference between an incident and an accident

• Defined as low- or high-impact• Measured by severity and angle of

impact

(Continued)

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Types of Accidents/Incidents

• Low-impact crash — fatality rates tend to be low if egress not blocked by fire

(Continued)Courtesy of District Chief Chris Mickal, New Orleans (LA) FD Photo Unit.

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Types of Accidents/Incidents

• High-impact crash — a nonsurvivable crash resulting in severe structural damage to aircraft– Individuals have

survived

(Continued)

Courtesy of SPC Kyle Davis (US Army), Defense Visual Information Center (DVIC).

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Types of Accidents/Incidents

• Both types of accidents — life safety/rescue is number one goal

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Critical Phases of Flight

• First 5 minutes after take-off• Last 10 minutes before landing• Noncruise flight under 10,000 ft (3

000 m)

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Possible Accident Sites

• High percentage of accidents occur on or near airport property

• Prepare grid maps– Airport– Surrounding area

(Continued)

Courtesy of DFW International Airport – ITS/GIS Department.

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Possible Accident Sites

• Establish airport hazard assessments

• Accident Potential Zones– Clear Zone– APZ 1– APZ 2

• Assessment should include certain criteria

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Bailout and Jettison Areas

• AEP– Bailout and jettison areas– Area maps– Procedures for military aircrews to

bailout or jettison stores at this area

(Continued)

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Bailout and Jettison Areas

• Included in search plan• AEP procedures for rescue/retrieval• AEP should establish a Bailout-

Jettison area

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Search and Rescue

• Air Search & Rescue• Ground Search & Rescue (GSAR)• GSAR — initiated once an aircraft

is downed, missing, overdue• Agencies coordinate own efforts

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Accident Site Accessibility

• Check access to areas where crashes are likely

• Access may be restricted

• Planning — include routes over areas in which no roads exist

Courtesy of Robert Lindstrom.

(Continued)

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Accident Site Accessibility

• Develop a standard emergency response pattern (SERP) model for use during each incident– Standardize locations– Establish areas upwind

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Climatic Considerations

• Consider effects of weather– Delay/prevent response– Make terrain difficult to pass

(Continued)

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Climatic Considerations

• Protect aircraft occupants/responders– Portable shelters– Rehabilitation areas– Blankets, ponchos, rain gear

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Primary Response

• Agencies that are notified on the initial call

• Nature/magnitude of emergency dictate level of response

(Continued)

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Primary Response

• Aircraft rescue and fire fighting services– Law enforcement agencies– Emergency medical services– Air carrier/aircraft owner– Airport Management Operations

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Law Enforcement Agencies

• Cordon off immediate crash site• Should establish scene security

perimeter• Limit access to Staging Area• Various other responsibilities

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Emergency Medical Services

• Plans should address EMS needs• Emergency personnel

– Triage– Emergency care– Transportation of injured

(Continued)

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Emergency Medical Services

• AEP — identify abilities/limitations of medical facilities

• Minor injuries– Airport facility– Hotels/schools

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Air Carrier/Aircraft Owner

• Key player in management of aviation disaster

• Airline personnel — provide precise information– Number of occupants– Hazardous materials

(Continued)

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Air Carrier/Aircraft Owner

• Developed airline disaster response and family-assistance resource teams

• Have personnel that will respond to an incident to manage and protect interests

(Continued)

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Air Carrier/Aircraft Owner

• IC may request senior air carrier representative be assigned command post

• Acts require affected airline to perform wide variety of tasks

• Air carrier responsible for removal of aircraft

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Airport Management/Operations

• After emergency operations, primary goal will be to resume normal/modified airport operations

• Helicopters — ARFF may need to request airspace restriction

(Continued)

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Airport Management/Operations

• Will make required and necessary notifications

• Physical resources available from airport

• Airport personnel can support tasks

(Continued)

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Airport Management/Operations

• Conduct damage assessment/ inspection

• Personnel – Assist with preservation and

protection of wreckage and immediate incident scene

– Video and photographic documentation

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Secondary Response

• Activated as primary response units arrive

• Expands and contracts as dictated by emergency

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Mutual Aid Support

• Should have written mutual aid agreements

• Can become part of primary response

(Continued)

Courtesy of John Demyan.

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Mutual Aid Support

• If not primary response, need to request aid

• Meet with representatives of all entities

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Available Apparatus, Equipment, and Water Supply

• May need to call in specialized vehicles and equipment

• Written plan should designate types of vehicles

• Contractual information — part of AEP

• Special emphasis on water supply

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Rehabilitation Resources

• All personnel required to spend time in rehab area

• Make arrangements with vendors, canteen providers, other organizations

(Continued)

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Rehabilitation Resources

• Exercise proper decontamination procedures

• Rehab area — must meet certain requirements

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Critical Incident Stress Management Team

• Responders subject to psychological pressure

• Should have a list of qualified critical incident stress teams

(Continued)

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Critical Incident Stress Management Team

• Personnel — provided the opportunity to participate in a critical incident stress program within first 24 hours

• Responders being demobilized — defused/provided CISM information prior to leaving scene

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Government Agencies

• May assist in crash investigation — FBI, ATF, and other agencies

• Crash evidence is important– Escort media personnel– Restrict media to bus

(Continued)

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Government Agencies

• Names of those involved– If not seriously injured, as soon as

possible– If killed or seriously injured, kin must

be notified first

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Military Assistance

• Can help if criteria are met

• May enter into mutual-assistance agreements

• Can provide military personnel and resources

Courtesy of AIC L.A. Smith (USAF), Defense Visual Information Center (DVIC).

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American Red Cross and Salvation Army

• Red Cross – Tasked under the “Aviation Disaster

Family Assistance Act of 1996”– Performs many functions– Language Bank

• Salvation Army has similar programs to Red Cross

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Mortuary Assistance

• Plans should include temporary morgue

• Local facilities may become overwhelmed

• Representatives should meet with planners

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Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

• Responsible for investigating civil aircraft – Determine if violations of federal

aviation laws/regulations– Look at many factors

• Also investigate accidents/incidents not investigated by NTSB

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Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT)

• Will immediately notify emergency and airport services

• Should regularly meet with emergency services

• Relay radio transmissions received on FAA frequencies

(Continued)

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Air Traffic Control Tower (ATCT)

• Advise traffic of emergency situations– Recorded and kept for 15 days– If accident, retained for 6

months/resolved

• Also investigated as potential cause of an accident

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Coast Guard

• Responsible for search and rescue missions in territorial U.S. waters

• Can take actions where their aid is needed

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Other Waterborne Resources

• Harbor masters, Lifeguards, Harbor Patrol, Army Corps of Engineers, other marine organizations

• Private vessel owners

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Foreign Language Interpreters and Linguists

• Identify resources in emergency plans

• Services such as ALTRUSA International, Inc.

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Religious Organizations and Clergy

• Clergy– Provide comfort– Perform religious services

• Churches– Volunteers– Physical facilities

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Communications Services

• Ham radio organizations – Provide additional means of

communication– Ham radio operators — position in

key positions, provide own equipment

(Continued)

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Communications Services

• Telephone/cellular companies — provide temporary and additional communications

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Public Works Departments

• City/county public works• State highway departments, water

departments, gas and electric utility companies

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Civil Air Patrol

• Volunteer organization– Aircraft/personnel for

search– Locate and turn off

Emergency Location Transmitters

• Usually provided free of charge

Courtesy of Susan C. Robertson, NHQ Photographer, Civil Air Patrol.

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Airport Tenants and Fixed Based Operators (FBOs)

• May be able to provide a wide variety of resources– Equipment– Facilities– Specialized personnel

(Continued)

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Airport Tenants and Fixed Based Operators (FBOs)

• May be able to provide a wide variety of services– Aircraft maintenance/repair facilities– Caterers/restaurants– Helicopter contractors– Aeronautical/flight schools– Rental car/bus companies

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Office of Emergency Services/ Management (OES/OEM)

• Act as a focal point to access resources/assistance

• Federal Emergency Management (FEMA) — contact for federal resources during disasters

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Search and Rescue Teams

• Volunteer, professional, and paid organizations– Wilderness, mountain, desert– Mounted posses– Underwater teams/divers– 4-wheel drive teams– Snowmobile teams– Search dog units

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Construction Contractors/ Equipment Rental

• Specialized resources– Vehicles– Tools and equipment– Cordoning supplies– Equipment for survivors and

emergency crews

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Communications and News Media

• Must be addressed during planning

• Clear communication is essential

• Establish working relationship with news media

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Response to Military Aircraft Accidents

• Military personnel — deal with delicate, dangerous, complicated military aircraft systems

• Call nearest military installation or notify National Response Center

• Contact regional FEMA office

(Continued)

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Response to Military Aircraft Accidents

• Military will dispatch assistance teams

• Military will obtain information from witnesses Courtesy of TSgt Douglas K.

Lingefelt (USAF), Defense Visual Information Center (DVIC).

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Response to Airport Structure Fires

• ARFF must deal with fires in structures

• FAA — requires indexed airports to address structure fires

(Continued)

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Response to Airport Structure Fires

• Emergency response plans — identify evacuation procedures

• Plans should define roles and responsibilities– ARFF agency– Local fire and emergency services

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Response to Hazardous Materials Incidents

• Must consider hazards – Aircraft fuels– Lubricants– Hydraulic fluids– Liquid oxygen (LOX)– Paint solvents– Non-destructive inspection radiation

sources (Continued)

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Response to Hazardous Materials Incidents

• Response plans should focus on hazards commonly found on particular airfield

• AEP — identify organizations/agencies responsible

• SARA Title III — “Hazardous Material Business Plans”

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Contagious Disease Response

• Plans should identify procedures for emergency workers– Protect themselves– Isolate potentially contaminated

passengers– Provide emergency

care/transportation– Contact local health department or

CDC

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Terrorism Response

• Airfields/aircraft target of terrorists• Plan similar to hazardous materials

plan• Different approach required

– Danger of secondary events– Criminal nature

(Continued)

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Terrorism Response

• Plan should match risks and hazards

• Include additional agencies– Department of Homeland Security– Federal Bureau of Investigation

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Response to Mass Casualty Incidents

• Crashes involving commercial aircraft — large number of casualties

• Must be prepared to handle casualties (Continued)

Courtesy of William D. Stewart.

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Response to Mass Casualty Incidents

• Plans must – Identify procedures– Define roles and responsibilities

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Post-incident Scene Control

• Site can remain busy• Investigation phase of incident• Agency personnel — represent

organizations’ interests• Plan should identify necessary

items

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Training

• AEP — only successful with training• Small exercises• Large-scale drill

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Training for Mutual Aid and Support Personnel

• Mutual aid — often needed in a major event/multiple simultaneous events

• Participate in airport emergency planning, training, and drills

• Conduct joint exercises at airport

(Continued)

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Training for Mutual Aid and Support Personnel

• Personnel near an airport should become familiar with airport/aircraft

• Mutual aid companies should become familiar with airport

• Training — emphasize use of structural apparatus

(Continued)

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Training for Mutual Aid and Support Personnel

• Practice under conditions as realistic as possible

• Airport support personnel — may be an effective adjunct to fire prevention forces

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Joint Training Exercises

• Participate in several full-scale training exercises

• Operational priorities in ARFF– Rescue– Fire control– Loss control

(Continued)

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Joint Training Exercises

• Successful execution– Airport emergency planning– Cooperation

• Participate in post incident analysis• Exercise plan once a year — table

top• Full-scale drill — as required by AHJ

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Summary

• An airport emergency response plan should include multiple considerations about the airport to which it applies.

(Continued)

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Summary

• These considerations include the types of aircraft the airport services, the airport’s possible accident sites and their accessibility, as well as information about climate conditions and search and rescue capabilities.

(Continued)

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Summary

• An AEP should establish all resources available to ARFF personnel. An AEP must also describe responses to specific emergencies that could occur at an airport.

(Continued)

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Summary

• Every aspect of an AEP should be practiced on a regular basis. Joint training exercises should include all mutual aid support agencies that may respond to an emergency.

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Review Questions

1.How are accidents defined and measured? 2.What are the types of search and rescue operations that can be activated? 3.What are several common problems identified during aircraft incident critiques? (Continued)

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Review Questions

4. What agencies may need to be notified of an accident by airport management personnel? 5.When is the secondary response network activated?

(Continued)

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Review Questions

6.What are some activities for which local Department of Defense (DoD) installations may be called upon for assistance?

(Continued)

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Review Questions

7.When are ham radio organizations especially valuable as a means of communication during an ARFF incident? 8.What is the Multi Agency Radio Communication System (MARCS)?

(Continued)

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Review Questions

9.What are the duties of military police when called upon for assistance during an ARFF incident?

10.Discuss procedures that must be identified in mass casualty incident (MCI) response plans.