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Chapter 1: The Science of Life. Biology – The study of life Organism – Anything capable of...
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Transcript of Chapter 1: The Science of Life. Biology – The study of life Organism – Anything capable of...
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Chapter 1:The Science of Life
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Biology – The study of life
Organism – Anything capable of carrying on life processes
Branches of biology – •There are many subtopics within biology – a few examples we’ll hit upon this year:
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•Biochemistry – Chemical substances and processes in organisms•Genetics – Inheritance – passing of traits from one generation to nextEvolution – Change in organisms over timeCell biology – Cell structure and functionZoology – AnimalsAnatomy – Structures of organismsPhysiology – Functions, activities, and processes of organismsEcology – Interactions of organisms and environment
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Characteristics of Life1. Made of cells
Can be unicellular or multicellular Multicellular organisms - more
than 1 cell Cells in these organisms are
considered specialized (have certain jobs)
Examples: some fungus, plants, and animals
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Unicellular organisms - one cell 1 cell does all jobs for organismExamples: bacteria, protists, and some fungus
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2. Organization – levels of organization vary based on how complex the organism is In general: cells tissues
organs organ systems organisms
Cells are the smallest unit of life, organisms the biggest
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3. Living things use energy Heterotrophs are organisms that
obtain nutrients from food eaten Ex: some bacteria and
protists, fungus, & animals Autotrophs are organisms that
make their own food through photosynthesis Ex: plants, some protists, and
some bacteria
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4. Homeostasis• Maintaining (relatively) constant
internal conditions (such as body temperature, pH, blood pressure, water balance) regardless of external changes Examples: sweating or
shivering to maintain body temperature
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5. Living things grow and develop Growth – an increase in the number of
cells/ increase in the size Example – getting taller
Development – Changes an organism undergoes to reach adult form Example – baby kid teen
adult
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6. Living things reproduce Reproduction – production of
offspring Prevents extinction of species Can be sexual or asexual
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•Asexual reproduction – only 1 parent; offspring has DNA identical to parent•Sexual reproduction – 2 parents, each parent contributes ½ genetic information to offspring; offspring has mixed traits from parents
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Classification •Taxonomy – The science of identifying, classifying, and naming organisms •Taxa –the categories into which organisms are classified
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The taxa: Kingdom
Phylum (Division for plants) Class
Order Family
Genus Species
King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti
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Why can’t we just use common names?•Not very specific
•Ex: What KIND of frog?•Misleading
•Ex: Jellyfish is NOT a fish, ringworm is NOT a worm
•Vary by language and geography•Ex: Puma, mountain lion, and cougar are ALL the same animal!
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What was wrong with the early systems of classification?•Forgot to include bacteria, fungus and protists•Failed to show proper relationships between organisms•Too general – ex. Aristotle classified animals by where they lived (air, land, or water)
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Modern system of classification:Based in part on Carolus Linnaeus’ system of binomial nomenclature (“two names”)Grouped according to physical features and their evolutionary history (phylogeny)Those placed in the same genus will be most closely related, those in different kingdoms most distantly related
Ex: Those in genus Felis are more closely related to each other than organisms in the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia are to each other.
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Writing scientific names:Ex: Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens
Can be abbreviated H. sapiensIf typed – should be italicized.If handwritten – should be underlined.First word is genus – capitalizedSecond word is species - lower case