Chapter 1 The Evolution of Psychology. n Prior to 1879 n Physiology + Philosophy = Psychology n...

Chapter 1 The Evolution of Psychology

Prior to 1879 Physiology + Philosophy = Psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) University of Leipzig, Germany

Established the first laboratory for the study of psychology in 1879

Psychology was born

Psychology: Birth of a New Science

LaunchVideo

Psychology’s Early History

Psychology Today: Vigorous and Diversified

Seven Unifying Themes

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Psychology’s Modern History

Leipzig, the place to study psychology Graduates of Wundt’s program set up new labs across Europe and

North America G.Stanley Hall (1846-1924) Johns Hopkins University

Established the first psychology laboratory in the U.S. in 1883 Between 1883 and 1893, 24 new laboratories in North America

Psychology Goes International




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Founded by students of Williams James

Founded by students of G. Stanley Hall

Founded by students of Wilhelm Wundt

Founded by Others

Clark University 1889University ofToronto 1890

Brown University 1892

Princeton University 1893

Trenton State College 1892

Randolf Macon Women’s College 1893

Wellesley College 1891

Johns Hopkins University 1883

Cornell University 1891

Yale University 1892

Columbia University 1890

University of Pennsylvania 1887

Catholic University 1891

Harvard University 1892

University of Michigan 1890

Indiana University 1887

University of Chicago 1893

University of Illinois 1892

University of Nebraska 1889

University of Kansas 1889

University of Iowa 1890

University of Wisconsin 1888

Stanford University 1893


Two intellectual schools of thought regarding the science of psychology Structrualism – led by Edward Titchener Functionalism – led by William James

Structuralists focused on analyzing consciousness into basic elements Introspection – careful, systematic observations of one’s own

conscious experience Functionalists focused on investigating the function or purpose of

consciousness

The Battle of the “Schools” in the U.S.: Titchener vs. James

Most historians give the edge to James and the functionalists

Today, psychologists are not really categorized as structuralists or functionalists

Applied psychology and Behaviorism - descendants of functionalism

Behaviorism - early 1900’s The next major school of thought to influence the

development of psychology

Who Won the Battle?

Quick Review

1. Who proposed structuralism?

2. Where did modern psychology begin?

3. What is functionalism?

4. “Principles of Psychology”…the first psychology “baby” was written by who?

Gestalt Psychology…the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; Max Wertheimer

Mary Whiton Calkins

Margaret Floy Washburn

Leta StetterHollingworth




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Sigmund Freud G. Stanley Hall Carl Jung




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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Austria Founded Psychoanalytic school of thought

Emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behavior

Unconscious = outside awareness

Freud: the Unconscious Mind

Behavior is influenced by the unconscious Unconscious conflict related to sexuality plays a central role

in behavior Controversial notions caused debate/resistance

Significant influence on the field of psychology

Freud’s Ideas: Controversy and Influence

Behavioral Perspective (1913 - Present)

John B. Watson B.F. SkinnerIvan Pavlov




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John B. Watson (1878-1958): United States of America Founder of Behaviorism

Psychology = scientific study of behavior Behavior = overt or observable responses or

activities Radical reorientation of psychology as a science of

observable behavior

Behaviorism: Goodbye to Consciousness

Watson’s famous quote Nurture, not nature

Behaviorist school of thought emphasized the environment (nurture) Focus on stimulus-response relationships

S-R psychology

Doctor, Lawyer, Beggar-man, Thief: Watson and the Nature-Nurture Debate

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990): United States of America Environmental factors determine behavior

Responses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated Responses that lead to negative outcomes are not

repeated Beyond Freedom and Dignity

More controversy regarding free will “Free will is an illusion.”

Behaviorism Revisited: B.F. Skinner

Charges that both were dehumanizing Diverse opposition groups got together to form a loose

allianceHumanism was born Led by Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) and Carl

Rogers (1902-1987) Emphasis on the unique qualities of humans: freedom and

personal growth

The 1950’s: Opposition to Psychoanalytic Theory and Behaviorism Develops

Cognition = mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge

1950’s and 60’s – Piaget, Chomsky, and Simon Application of scientific methods to studying internal mental

events Cognitive psychology: the new dominant perspective?

Putting the Psyche Back in Psychology: The Return of Cognition

Figure 1.3The relative prominence of three major schools of thought in psychology. To estimate the relative influence of various theoretical orientations in recent decades, Robins, Gosling, and Craik (1999) analyzed the subject matter of four prestigious flagship publications in psychology, measuring the percentage of articles relevant to each school of thought. Obviously, their approach is just one of many ways one might guage the prominence of various theoretical orientations. Nonetheless, the data are thought provoking. They suggest that the cognitive perspective surpassed the behavioral perspective in influence sometime around 1970. As you can see, the psychoanalytic perspective has always had a modest impact on the mainstream of psychology. (Adapted from Robins, Gosling, and Craik, 1999)

James Olds (1956) Electrical stimulation of the brain evokes emotional

responses in animals Roger Sperry (1981)

Left and right brain specialization Biological Perspective = behavior explained in terms of

physiological processes

Biological Psychology: The Biological Basis of Behavior

Central premise: natural selection occurs for behavioral, as well as physical, characteristics Buss, Daly & Wilson, Cosmides & Tooby – 80’s and 90’s

Studied natural selection of mating preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, language, decision making, personality, and development

Thought provoking perspective gaining in influence, but not without criticism

Evolutionary Psychology: Functionalism Revisited

Ethnocentrism – viewing one’s own group as superior and as the standard for judging Historically: middle and upper class white males studying

middle and upper class white males 1980’s – increased interest in how cultural factors influence

behavior growing global interdependence

increased cultural diversity

Contemporary Psychology: Cultural Diversity

Positive Psychology

Moving away from repairing the worst things in life to also building positive qualities

3 Areas of focus:

1. Positive emotions

2. Positive individual traits

3. Positive institutions and communities

Psychology - the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.

Research

1. Developmental

2. Social

3. Experimental

4. Physiological

5. Cognitive

6. Personality

7. Psychometrics

8. Educational

9. Health

Psychology Today: A Multifaceted Field

Applied 1.Clinical2.Counseling3.Industrial/organizational4.School5.Clinical neuropsychology6.Forensic

3.0%Personality

3.8%Psychometrics

6.7%Cognitive

8.2%Experimental

9.5%Physiological

10.3%Other

10.6%Health

13.7%Educational

16.1%Social

19.3%Developmental




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0.5%Forensic

0.6%Other

0.9%Clinical Neuropsychology

5.2%School

6.1%Industrial/Organizational

14.7%Counseling

72.1%Clinical




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Figure 1.6Leading college majors. This list shows the ten most popular undergraduate majors in the United States, based on the number of bachelor’s degrees awarded in 1992–1993. As you can see, psychology ranked second only to business administration and management in the number of degrees awarded. (Data from U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995)

Figure 1.7Employment of psychologists by setting. The work settings in which psychologists are employed have become quite diverse. Survey data on the primary employment setting of APA members indicate that one-third are in private practice (compared to 12% in 1976) and only 27% work in colleges and universities (compared to 47% in 1976). These data may slightly underestimate the percentage of psychologists in academia, given the new competition between APA and APS to represent research psychologists. (Data based on 1997 APA)

1 Psychology is Empirical

2 Psychology is Theoretically Diverse

3 Psychology Evolves in a Sociohistorical Context



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4 Behavior is Determined by Multiple Causes

5 Behavior is Shaped by Cultural Heritage

6 Heredity and Environment Jointly Influence Behavior

7 People’s Experience of the World is Highly Subjective



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Always or Almost Always in Class

Sometimes Absent

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10.3%No Change

15.5%Improves Test Score

19.0%Don’t Know

55.2%Hurts Test Score

20.2%Right to Wrong

22.0%Wrong to Wrong

57.8%Wrong to Right





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Chapter 1 The Evolution of Psychology. n Prior to 1879 n Physiology + Philosophy = Psychology n...

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