Chapter 1 The Evolution of Psychology
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Transcript of Chapter 1 The Evolution of Psychology
Chapter 1 The Evolution of Psychology
History What is Psychology?The science of behavior and mental processes
Behavior—observable actions of a person or animal
Mind—thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, memories, dreams, motives and other subjective experiences
Science--an objective way to answer questions based on observable facts/data and well-described methods
Separated from philosophy in 19th century influences from physiology remain
Philosophical Developments
A Question: How are mind and body related?
René Descartes (1596–1650)—
Interactive dualism The mind and body interact to produce
conscious experience
Philosophical Developments
Another Question: Nature vs. Nurture
Are abilities determined by our genes or our experiences?
What are the interactions between genetics and environment?
What effect does it have on behavior?
Prior to 1879 Physiology + Philosophy = Psychology Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) University of
Leipzig, Germany Established the first laboratory for the study of
psychology in 1879 Psychology was born
Psychology: Birth of a New Science
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
Leipzig, Germany The “father of psychology” Founder of modern
psychology Opened the first psychology
lab in 1879 wrote the first psychology
textbook applied laboratory techniques
to study of the mind
Leipzig, the place to study psychology Graduates of Wundt’s program set up
new labs across Europe and North America
G.Stanley Hall (1846-1924) Johns Hopkins University Established the first psychology
laboratory in the U.S. in 1883 Between 1883 and 1893, 24 new
laboratories in North America
Psychology Goes International
Two intellectual schools of thought regarding the science of psychology Structrualism – led by Edward Titchener Functionalism – led by William James
Structuralists focused on analyzing consciousness into basic elements Introspection – careful, systematic observations
of one’s own conscious experience Functionalists focused on investigating the
function or purpose of consciousness
The Battle of the “Schools” in the U.S.: Titchener vs. James
E.B. Titchener (1867–1927)
Wundt’s student, professor at Cornell University
Analyzed the intensity, clarity and quality of the parts of consciousness
Founder of structuralism
Structuralism
Studied the basic elements (structure) of thoughts and sensations.identify ‘atoms’ of the mind• focused on basic sensory and
perceptual processes • measured reaction times
William James (1842–1910) First American psychologist Started psychology at
Harvard in 1870s Opposed Wundt and
Titchener’s approach Author of the first psychology
textbook Founder of Functionalism
functionalism – influenced by Darwin to focus on how behaviors help us adapt to the environment
Functionalism
Emphasized studying the function of consciousness and how consciousness helped people adapt to their environment
Most historians give the edge to James and the functionalists
Today, psychologists are not really categorized as structuralists or functionalists
Applied psychology and Behaviorism - descendants of functionalism
Behaviorism - early 1900’sThe next major school of thought to influence the
development of psychology
Who Won the Battle?
John B. Watson (1878-1958): United States of AmericaFounder of Behaviorism
Psychology = scientific study of behaviorBehavior = overt or observable responses or
activities Radical reorientation of psychology as a science of
observable behavior
Behaviorism: Goodbye to Consciousness
Watson’s famous quoteNurture, not nature
Behaviorist school of thought emphasized the environment (nurture)Focus on stimulus-response relationships
S-R psychology
Doctor, Lawyer, Beggar-man, Thief: Watson and the Nature-Nurture Debate
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Behaviorist Russian Physiologist Studied learning
through associations in animals
Emphasized the study of observable behaviors
Behaviorism: B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner (1904-1990): United States of
America Environmental factors determine behavior
Responses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated
Responses that lead to negative outcomes are not repeated
Beyond Freedom and DignityMore controversy regarding free will
B.F. Skinner (1904–1990)
Behaviorist American psychologist
at Harvard Focused on learning
through rewards and observation
studied learning and effect of reinforcement
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): AustriaFounded Psychoanalytic school of thought
Emphasis on unconscious processes influencing behavior Unconscious = outside awareness
Freud: the Unconscious Mind
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Austrian physician that focused on illness
Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
Believed that abnormal behavior originated from unconscious drives and conflicts
Freud’s Influence
Influence on “pop culture”Freudian slipsAnal-retentive
Influence on psychologyPsychodynamic theoryUnconscious thoughtsSignificance of childhood
experiences
Behavior is influenced by the unconscious Unconscious conflict related to sexuality plays a
central role in behaviorControversial notions caused debate/resistance
Significant influence on the field of psychology
Freud’s Ideas: Controversy and Influence
Charges that both were dehumanizingDiverse opposition groups got together to form a loose
allianceHumanism was born Led by Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) and Carl
Rogers (1902-1987) Emphasis on the unique qualities of humans: freedom
and personal growth
The 1950’s: Opposition to Psychoanalytic Theory and Behaviorism Develops
Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow(1902-1987) (1908-1970)
Helped to create Humanistic Psychology Stressed the study of conscious experience and an
individual’s free will Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential.
Cognition = mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge
1950’s and 60’s – Piaget, Chomsky, and Simon
Application of scientific methods to studying internal mental eventsCognitive psychology: the new
dominant perspective?
Putting the Psyche Back in Psychology: The Return of Cognition
James Olds (1956)Electrical stimulation of the brain evokes emotional
responses in animals Roger Sperry (1981)
Left and right brain specialization Biological Perspective = behavior explained in terms of
physiological processes
Biological Psychology: The Biological Basis of Behavior
Central premise: natural selection occurs for behavioral, as well as physical, characteristicsBuss, Daly & Wilson, Cosmides & Tooby –
80’s and 90’sStudied natural selection of mating
preferences, jealousy, aggression, sexual behavior, language, decision making, personality, and development
Thought provoking perspective gaining in influence, but not without criticism
Evolutionary Psychology: Functionalism Revisited
Ethnocentrism – viewing one’s own group as superior and as the standard for judgingHistorically: middle and upper class
white males studying middle and upper class white males
1980’s – increased interest in how cultural factors influence behaviorgrowing global interdependence
increased cultural diversity
Contemporary Psychology: Cultural Diversity
Psychology - the science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and it is the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems.
Research : Seven major areas Applied Psychology: Four major
areas
Psychology Today: A Multifaceted Field
Themes related to psychology as a field of study: Psychology is empirical (Theme 1), theoretically
diverse (Theme 2), and it evolves in a sociohistorical context (Theme 3).
Themes related to psychology’s subject matter: Behavior is determined by multiple causes (Theme
4), shaped by cultural heritage (Theme 5), and influenced jointly by heredity and environment (Theme 6).
Finally, people’s experience of the world is highly subjective (Theme 7).
Studying Psychology: Seven Organizing Themes
Figure 1.6Leading college majors. This list shows the ten most popular undergraduate majors in the United States, based on the number of bachelor’s degrees awarded in 1992–1993. As you can see, psychology ranked second only to business administration and management in the number of degrees awarded. (Data from U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, 1995)
The Future 1. Business Administration and Management/Commerce 2. Psychology 3. Nursing 4. Biology/Biological Sciences 5. Education 6. English Language and Literature 7. Economics 8. Communications Studies/Speech Communication and
Rhetoric 9. Political Science and Government 10. Computer and Information Sciences
Source: Princeton Review Jan. 2011
Figure 1.7Employment of psychologists by setting. The work settings in which psychologists are employed have become quite diverse. Survey data on the primary employment setting of APA members indicate that one-third are in private practice (compared to 12% in 1976) and only 27% work in colleges and universities (compared to 47% in 1976). These data may slightly underestimate the percentage of psychologists in academia, given the new competition between APA and APS to represent research psychologists. (Data based on 1997 APA)
Figure 1.8Major research areas in contemporary psychology. Most research psychologists specialize in one of the seven broad areas described here. The figures in the pie chart reflect the percentage of academic and research psychologists belonging to APA who identify each area as their primary interest. (Data based on 1997 APA Directory Survey)
Figure 1.9Principal professional specialties in contemporary psychology. Most psychologists who deliver professional services to the public specialize in one of the four areas described here. The figures in the pie chart reflect the percentage APA members delivering professional services who identify each area as their chief specialty. (Data based on 1997 APA Directory Survey)