Chapgter_1 Evolution of Psychology

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Psychology THEMES & VARIATIONS

Transcript of Chapgter_1 Evolution of Psychology

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PsychologyTHEMES & VARIATIONS

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Evolution of Psychology

Chapter 1

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Lecture Outlines

- What is Psychology?

- Evolution of Psychology and why study?

- Areas in Psychology- Key Themes(Concepts)

- Application in improving Academic Performanceand developing critical thinking skills

- Key Psychologists

- Practice Test

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Psychology?

 – Study of the human mind and behavior.

 – A systematic method to the understanding of 

 people, their thoughts, emotions/excitement and

 behavior. The application of this understanding

helps to solve human problems.

- About abnormal(not normal mind, very different

from usual behavior) behavior, e.g. one kill many

innocent people without reason, stress(feeling of constant worry).

- Ways to win friends and influence people

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Psychology Continued

- How we are able to perceive(see, recognize)

color? e.g. white indicates purity-minded, red –  

 brave-minded)

- How to improve your self-control(able to behave

calmly)?

- How to reduce incidence(number of times sth.

happens) of mental illness?- About you and me, about life in the world.

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Evolution of Psychology

How Psychology is developed

Prior to 1870 - Explored(find out) the questions about

the mind, how do mind and body interact.

. Physiology/philosophy are Parents of Psychology at beginning.

Physiology –  (the way body of a person/animal

works)Philosophy  – attitude/set of ideas that guides behavior 

of person

. Wilhelm Wundt (1832 – 1920), German Professor,

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Evolution of Psychology

founder of psychology, campaigned Psychology

as independent/free discipline(area of 

knowledge) –  Established the first lab for study of 

 psychology in 1879

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Structuralism vs. Functionalism

Psychology became the study of consciousness(awareness of immediate experience/smell/vision/touch

; continuous flow of thoughts, anything that we are

aware of at a given moment; state of being aware of 

external/internal things)

The first two major schools(opinions) of thought Structuralism vs Functionalism

Structuralism - Wilhelm Wundt and EdwardTitchener

 – the first school/opinion of psychology

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Structuralism

• examine consciousness(awareness) into basic

elements and investigate/examine how these

elements are related(feelings, images, perception,hearing, touch, sensations, what you think/feel)

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Structuralism

 – Use Introspection(self-examine deeply and

carefully observe about your contents of 

consciousness(own thoughts, feelings or  behavior ) carefully and systematically

observation of one’s own conscious experience 

.

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Functionalism

Functionalism – 

William James(1842 – 

1910)

- Investigate function or purpose of consciousness 

-How and why mind functions(work)

John B. Watson (1878 – 

1958)Behaviorism  – focused on measuring only what is

observable

- rejects/not accept the study of contents of 

consciousness. Interested in how people adapt their 

 behavior to demands of real world around

them.(environment)

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Behaviorism

Behaviorism – view that scientific(examine, test,

 prove facts) psychology should study only

observable behavior Behavior  – observable(that can be seen) responses

or activities

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Skinner’s Behaviorism B.F. Skinner(1904 -1990) Are people

free(individual choice)? Free will is an

illusion.(false belief/idea) Behaviorist Skinner 

states that "A person does not act upon the world,the world acts upon him.“ From moment of birth,

the environment shapes and determines your 

 behavior through either reinforcing (support

/strengthen) it or punishing it.• How environmental factors shape behavior 

• Environment determines(influence/decide)

what we do

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Psychoanalytic Theory

• Humans, animals are controlled by their environment, not bythemselves.

• Psychology could understand and predict(say sth. will happen infuture) behavior.

Sigmund Freud (1856 – 1939) Austria

• Psychoanalytic theory explain personality(ways of behavingtowards others), motivation(willingness to do sth. without beingtold) and mental disorders( mental illness/stress/ depression/

interpersonal problem) by focusing unconsciousness(part of your mind in which there are thoughts/feelings that you do notrealize you have)

• The unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires

which exert(use) great influence on behavior.

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Humanism

Humanism

Prominent theorists Carl Rogers(1902-1987) and

Abraham Maslow(1908 – 1970)

• Emphasize/focus on qualities of human

freedom/individual choice and their potential

(ability for fulfillment)for personal

growth/development.• Focuses on each person’s unique experiences. 

• Humans are free, responsible for what he does,

fundamentally(basically) different from animals.

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Why Study?

• Psychology is exciting. E.g. Why do people dream? What arethe physiological(bodies of living things) responses to

stress/feeling constant worry?

• Psychology is challenging. E.g. Does psychotherapy(treatmentof mental illness) help people overcome(successfully control)

 psychological problems such as depression(feeling of sadness)

and anxiety? Can we change people's attitudes?

• Psychology is useful. E.g. stress(continuous feeling of worry),

health, mental illness(mad/crazy), personal development, social

interaction and the environment.

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Continued• Psychology is practical. E.g. how to reduce incidence/happen

of mental illness, how to improve your self-control.

Areas in Psychology  –  Developmental psychology(focuses on the psychological

changes of the human mind throughout the lifetime.

Developmental psychologists study infants, the elderly, and

every age in between.

 –  Social psychology(Social psychologists study relationships

 between individuals and groups, and how social situations

may influence behavior and cognition.(mental process in

acquiring knowledge; process of knowing, understanding,

and learning) 

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Areas of Psychology

 –  Experimental psychology(scientific study of basic behavioral and cognitive(knowing, learning, thinking,

understanding, remembering) processes, including learning,

memory, perception(way you notice things with your senses

sight, hearing), attention, problem-solving, motivation. –  Physiological psychology(Biological (physiological)

 psychology is the study of the biological mechanisms

(system) underlying behavior (in the brain and the nervous

system) –  Cognitive psychology(scientific study of how people

 perceive, remember, think, speak, and solve problems, by

exploring internal mental processes in the brain.

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Key Themes(Concepts)

 –  Personality psychology(focuses on individual behavior. It isthe study of ways to understand and describe an individual's

 behavior and to predict an individual's future behavior.

• Psychometrics is the field of study concerned with the theory

and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the

measurement of knowledge, intelligence,(able to learn,

understand, think about things) abilities, attitudes, personality

traits (bright, kind, warm, helpful, talkative, neat, precise,dependable, cooperative, aggressive, sociable, creative)and

educational measurement.

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Application in improving

academic performancebehavior is :

• determined by multiple(2 and more) causes

• shaped by cultural heritage(customs that have existed

in society for a long time)Heredity(process by which mental/physical qualities are

 passed from a parent to a child before child is born)and environment jointly/together influences behavior.

 – To foster sound study habits, devise a writtenstudy schedule, try to find one or two specific

 places for studying, use active reading techniques toselect most important ideas you read. E.g. SQ3R  

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Application in developing critical

thinking skills – approach.(survey, question, read, recite(say that

you have learnt), review)

 – Good note-taking using active listeningtechniques and to record speaker’s ideas in your own words.

• To be effective student, it requires soundtest-taking skills.

Critical thinking – use of analyzing, reasoning,

evaluating, problem-solving, decision-making.

It is purposeful, reasoned thinking. Critical thinker 

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Critical Thinking

• must be flexible, persistent(continuing to happen)

able to admit mistakes, and mindful/thoughtful of 

thinking process.

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Key Psychologists

Key Psychologists 

Sigmund Freud – Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theorist

John B. Watson- BehavioristWilliam James- Functionalist

Wilhelm Wundt- Founder of Psychology

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow - Humanist

B.F. Skinner  – BehavioristEdward Titchener - Structuralism Theorist

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PRACTICE TEST

1 For which of the following is Wilhelm Wundt primarily(basically) known?

a Establishment(start open) of the first formallaboratory(room in which scientist does test) for research

in psychology

 b The distinction(difference) between mind and body as twoseparate entities.(independent existence).

c Discovery of how signals are conducted(travel along) along

nerves(parts in body like threads) in the bodyd The development of the first formal program for training in

 psychotherapy(treatment of mental illness(e.g. depression)

(feeling of sadness that make you think no hope for future)

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Practice test

2 Which of the following approaches might suggest thatforgetting to pick his mother at the airport was Henry’sunconscious way of saying that he did not welcome her visit.

a psychoanalytic b behavioral c humanistic d cognitive

3 Which of the following is a statement with which Skinner’sfollowers would agree?

a The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

 b The goal of behavior is self-actualization.(man’s desire for 

fulfillment)c Nature is more influential than nurture(experience, is

trained to develop)

d Free will is an illusion(wrong belief/opinion/idea esp. aboutyourself)

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Practice test

4 Which of the following approaches has the most optimisticview (believe that good things will happen in future)of human nature?

a Humanism b behaviorism c psychoanalysis

d structuralism

5 _____________ psychology examines behavioral process interms of their adaptive value for a species over the courseof many generations.

a clinical b cognitive c evolutionary d physiological

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Conscious and unconscious mind

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Glossary

• conscious  – Anything we are aware of at a given moment

• preconscious  – available memories

• unconscious – repressed(not allow to express) memories,not aware of, hidden mind. e.g. dream, motivation

• ego  – part of unconscious mind, modified by directinfluence of external world.

• superego  – part of mind that tell you whether what you aredoing is morally right or wrong. , unconscious, control id’s

sudden strong desire without thinking.• id – part of mind, completely unconscious but has hidden

need and desire. e.g. child’s mental behavior 

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Glossary

•  psychoanalytic /Psychodynamic  –  View focus on

unconscious processes. (dream,motivation, habit)

•  behavioral - emphasizes objective, observableenvironmental influences on overt behavior;

importance of environment over heredity; free will

is an illusion.(wrong belief)

• humanistic perspective- Emphasizes free will,

self-actualization, and human nature as

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Glossary

naturally positive and growth seeking. Carl

Rogers and Abraham Maslow are two famous

 persons in the development of humanism, they

said that all individuals naturally strive to grow,develop, and move toward self-actualization

(desire for fulfillment).

• Cognitive Perspective- Focuses on thought,

 perception, and information processing.

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Glossary

• clinical- evaluation, diagnosis(process of 

discovering exactly what is wrong by examining

closely), and treatment of mental and behavioral

disorders/illness.

• cognitive - emphasize on thought, perception, and

information processing.

• evolutionary - focus on natural selection,adaptation, and evolution of behavior and mental

 processes.

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Glossary

• physiological  – relating to ways in which bodies

of people, animals and other living things work 

• generations. All of the people born and living atabout the same time, the average period, generally

considered to be about thirty years, during which

children grow up and have children of their own.

• survey  – ask many people questions to find outtheir attitude or opinions.