Chapter 1 Section 2 Matter and Its Properties Objectives

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

ResourcesChapter menu

Objectives

• Distinguish between the physical properties and chemical properties of matter. !

• Classify changes of matter as physical or chemical. !

• Explain the gas, liquid, and solid states in terms of particles.

Section 2 Matter and Its PropertiesChapter 1



Objectives, continued

• Explain how the law of conservation of energy applies to changes of matter.

!• Distinguish between a mixture and a pure

substance.


End Show© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

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Properties of Matter

Bamboo has properties that make it a good choice for use in chopsticks. It has no noticeable odor or taste. It is hard, yet easy to split, and it is heat resistant. You will learn how properties can be used to classify and identify matter.

1.2



• Mass is a measure of the amount of matter. !• Matter is anything that has mass and takes up

space. !

• Volume is the amount of three dimensional space an object occupies.

Matter




Visual Concepts

! Click below to watch the Visual Concept.

Visual Concept

Matter

Chapter 1

http://my.hrw.com/sh/hc6_003036809x/student/ch01/sec02/vc01/hc601_02_v01fs.htm


End Show

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© Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Connecting to Your World

Elements and Compounds

Take two pounds of sugar, two cups of boiling water, and one quarter teaspoon of cream of tartar. Add food coloring and you have the sticky, sweet concoction known as cotton candy. You will learn how substances are classified as elements or compounds.

1.2


Elements and Compounds >

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Distinguishing Elements and Compounds

Distinguishing Elements and Compounds

How are atoms, elements and compounds different?

1.2



Basic Building Blocks of Matter• An atom is the smallest unit of an element that

maintains the chemical identity of that element. !




Visual Concepts

Parts of the Atom

Chapter 1

Visual Concepts - Be sure VOLUME IS UP.



Basic Building Blocks of Matter!• An element is a pure substance that cannot be

broken down into simpler, stable substances and is made of one type of atom. !




Visual Concepts


Visual Concept

Element - EXAMPLES in Video

Chapter 1




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Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements and Compounds

• A compound is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion.

!

Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot.

1.2



Visual Concepts


Visual Concept

Compounds - EXAMPLES in visual concept video

Chapter 1



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Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements and Compounds

Properties of Compounds

In general, the properties of compounds are quite different from those of their component elements.

When the elements sodium and chlorine combine chemically to form sodium chloride, there is a change in composition and a change in properties.

1.2

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>Elements and Compounds Distinguishing Elements and Compounds

Chlorine is used to kill harmful organisms in swimming pools.

1.2

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Sodium is stored under oil to keep it from reacting with oxygen or water vapor in the air. Sodium vapor produces the light in some street lamps.

1.2

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Sodium Chloride (commonly known as table salt) is used to season or preserve food.

1.2



Visual Concepts

Molecule is the smallest unit of an element or compound that retains all of the properties of that element or compound.

Chapter 1

Examples:



Visual Concepts


Visual Concept

Molecules

Chapter 1





Basic Building Blocks of Matter, continued




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Symbols and Formulas

Symbols and Formulas

What do chemists use to represent elements and compounds?

1.2


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Elements and Compounds > Symbols and Formulas

Chemists use chemical symbols to represent elements, and chemical formulas to represent compounds.

These chemical symbols were used in earlier centuries.

1.2

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>Elements and Compounds Symbols and Formulas

Each element is represented by a one or two-letter chemical symbol.

1.2


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Section Quiz

-or-Continue to: Launch:

Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section

1.2 A Section Quiz.

PH2.3

Text


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1.2 A Section Quiz

1. Passing an electric current through a certain substance produces oxygen and sulfur. This substance cannot be a(n)

a. compound.

b. mixture.

c. element.

d. solution.


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1.2 A Section Quiz

2. Which of the following is a mixture?

a. sodium chloride

b. carbon dioxide

c. sucrose

d. air


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End Show

1.2 A Section Quiz.

3. The symbol for the element potassium is

a. K.

b. Po.

c. P.

d. Pt.


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FLASHCARDS ONLINE for Section 1.1, 1.2AGo to the following webpage and study the flashcards for the branches of

chemistry, pure and applied science, and basic terms so far.

Click here for Flashcards Chemistry 1.1 - Study these at home or with my computers outside of class time. We are doing this one in class to learn how it works this time.

Study & read notes at home; study flashcards. Spell is a way of learning to spell terms and hearing and just getting familiar with terms with audio and typing.

click on LEARN to start practicing term with definition, clue, or application of term. Type in the answer. Note you can override if you were correct but missed due to typing error, small spelling issue, leaving out ending such as analytical when answer was type of chemistry and was put in as analytical chemistry where “chemistry” might have been assumed from question. See me if not sure. This is to help you learn.

TEST is a generated test that will give you a chance to see how well you would do in a different format.

GAMES will be done sometimes in class as a competition or from home.

http://quizlet.com/12790947/branches-of-chemistry-modern-chemistry-11-flash-cards/

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Properties of Matter > Identifying Substances

A physical property is a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance’s composition.

Hardness, color, conductivity, and malleability are examples of physical properties.

1.2

Section 1.2 B Properties of Matter Notes

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Properties of Matter > Identifying Substances1.2



Physical Properties and Physical Changes

• A physical property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.

• melting point and boiling point

!• A physical change is a change in a substance that

does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.

• grinding, cutting, melting, and boiling


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Properties of Matter > Physical Changes

During a physical change, some properties of a material change, but the composition of the material does not change.

As gallium melts in a person’s hand, the shape of the sample changes, but the composition of the material does not change.

1.2

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Properties of Matter > Physical Changes

Physical changes can be classified as reversible or irreversible.

• All physical changes that involve a change from one state to another are reversible example solid (ice) to water can be reversed from liquid back to solid by freezing.

• Cutting hair, filing nails, and cracking an egg are examples of irreversible physical changes.

1.2



Properties and Changes in Matter

• Extensive properties depend on the amount of matter that is present. !

• volume • mass • the amount of energy in a substance.


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Properties of Matter > Describing Matter

Intensive Properties

An intensive property is a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter. The hardness of a bowling ball is an example of an intensive property.

1.2



Properties and Changes in Matter

• Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter present. !

• melting point • boiling point • density • ability to conduct electricity • ability to transfer energy as heat



Properties of Matter >

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Identifying Substances

Identifying Substances

Why do all samples of a substance have the same intensive properties?

1.2

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Matter that has a uniform and definite composition is called a pure substance. These kettles are mainly copper. Copper is an example of a pure substance.

1.2

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This sculpture of a falcon is made of gold. Gold is an example of a pure substance.

1.2

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Every sample of a given pure substance has identical intensive properties because every sample has the same composition.

1.2



Examples of Physical Properties of Matter




Visual Concepts


Visual Concept

Comparing Extensive and Intensive Properties

Chapter 1





COMPUTER ACTIVITY - must be in play mode to click on link.

The following activity is to understand concepts of intensive vs. extensive properties. The following will be a SORT activity. Classify each item as either extensive or intensive property examples. Record your score in your notes. You should play again at home for practice.

!CLICK BELOW & PLAY: 44 questions - challenging level INTENSIVE VS. EXTENSIVE ONLINE ACTIVITY !RECORD YOUR SCORES. THE FASTER THE BETTER

- LOW SCORE IS BEST.

http://classtools.net/widgets/dustbin_8/VMlJd.htm



Physical Properties and Physical Changes, continued• A change of state is a physical change of a

substance from one state to another.



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Properties of Matter > States of Matter

Four states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. A 5th state is Bose-Einstein Condensate (BSE) which we will not study at this time.

1.2

QUICK REFRESHER FROM PHYSICAL SCIENCE

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Solids

A solid is a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume.

!

Ex. Rock, quartz, ice cube

1.2



Visual Concepts

Liquid

Chapter 1

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Liquid

A liquid is a form of matter that has an indefinite shape, flows, yet has a fixed volume.

1.2



Visual Concepts

Gas

Chapter 1

REMEMBER A GAS IS ALSO A FLUID BECAUSE IT TAKES THE SHAPE OF ITS CONTAINER.

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Gases A gas is a form of matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container.

!

Examples at room temperature: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, air, etc.

1.2



Visual Concepts

Plasma

Chapter 1



Visual Concepts

Plasma

Chapter 1

CLICK HERE TO LEARN MORE ABOUT PLASMA




Water in Three States

Chapter 1

(s) (l)(aq) - mixed with liquid water

(g)



STATES OF MATTER - RECAPstates of matter—solid state, liquid state, gas state, plasma !

• In the solid state, matter has definite volume and definite shape.

!• In the liquid state, matter has a definite volume but an

indefinite shape.


• In the gas state, matter has neither definite volume nor definite shape. !

• Plasma is a high-temperature physical state of matter in which atoms lose most of their electrons, particles that make up atoms.



HOMEWORK -

Come back and complete the chemthink.com particulate nature of matter after you finish the notes at home. !Log-in with first initial and last name under student. example for me would be: “dvann” Password is “Hornets” !Select “Particulate Nature of Matter” from Atoms menu.

http://chemthink.com

3.3 Phase ChangesCOMPUTER ACTIVITY LINK requires payment now, so label each of the following and then check your work on next page. Record your results in your notes in the area provided. !!!Record your answers on the diagram in your notes. !You may choose to assign numbers to each word and place in your diagram in your notes. !!

3.3 Phase ChangesANSWERS TO CHECK AND RECORD IF YOU DIDN’T. You may choose to assign numbers to each word and place in your diagram in your notes. !!



Video for Fun with States of Matter concepts


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End Show

4. Which of the following would be described as an extensive property of matter?

a. temperature

b. color

c. mass

d. hardness

1.2 B Section Quiz.


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End Show

1.2 B Section Quiz.

5. Which properties can be observed without changing the composition of a substance?

a. all properties of a substance

b. intensive properties

c. chemical properties

d. physical properties


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1.2 B Section Quiz.

6. Match the states of matter with the following descriptions:

(1) takes the volume and shape of its container (2) has a definite shape and volume (3) has a definite volume but an indefinite shape

a. (1) liquid, (2) solid and (3) gas

b. (1) gas, (2) solid, and (3) liquid

c. (1) gas, (2) liquid, and (3) solid



Notes 1.2 C Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes• A chemical property relates to a substance’s ability

to undergo changes that transform it into different substances. Examples: reactivity, flammability, corrosive or non-corrosive, nonreactive, ability to burn, and pH.

!


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Chemical Reactions > Chemical Changes

!

The ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change is called a chemical property.

Chemical properties can be used to identify a substance. But chemical properties can be observed only when a substance undergoes a chemical change.

1.2

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Breaking Down Compounds

A chemical change is a change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter.

When table sugar is heated, it goes through a series of chemical changes.

1.2

• A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances is called a chemical change or chemical reaction.

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The final products of these chemical changes are solid carbon and water vapor. The following diagram summarizes the process.

1.2


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Chemical Reactions

Iron is abundant, easy to shape when heated, and relatively strong, especially when mixed with carbon in steel. Over time, objects made of iron will rust if they are left exposed to air. You will should be able to recognize chemical changes and to distinguish them from physical changes from your physical science class in 9th grade.

1.2


Chemical Reactions >

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1.2 Chemical Changes

Chemical Changes

What always happens during a chemical change?


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During a chemical change, the composition of matter always changes.

Recall that during a physical change, the composition of matter never changes.

1.2

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!

A magnet separates iron from sulfur. This is an example of a physical change.

1.2

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!

A mixture of iron and sulfur is heated. The iron and sulfur react and form iron sulfide. This is an example of a chemical change.

1.2

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• A chemical change is also called a chemical reaction.

• One or more substances change into one or more new substances during a chemical reaction.

• A substance present at the start of the reaction is a reactant.

• A substance produced in the reaction is a product.

1.2



Chemical Properties and Chemical Changes, continued

• The reactants are the substances that react in a chemical change. !

• The products are the substances that are formed by the chemical change.

!Carbon plus oxygen yields (or forms) carbon dioxide.


reactants productcarbon + oxygen carbon dioxide


Chemical Reactions >

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Recognizing Chemical Changes1.2

Recognizing Chemical Changes

What are possible clues that a chemical change has taken place?


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Chemical Reactions > Recognizing Chemical Changes

Possible clues to chemical change include:

• a transfer of energy • a change in color • the production of a gas • the formation of a precipitate.

1.2

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A precipitate is a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture.

Clues to chemical changes have practical applications.

1.2



Visual Concepts

Chemical Reaction

Chapter 1



Evidence of a Chemical Change




Electrolysis of Water




Comparison of Physical and Chemical Properties




Visual Concepts


Visual Concept

Comparing Physical and Chemical Properties

Chapter 1





Visual Concepts


Visual Concept

Comparing Chemical and Physical Changes

Chapter 1





Energy and Changes in Matter• Energy is always involved when physical or chemical

changes occur. !

• Energy can be in various forms. • heat • light

!• Energy can be absorbed or released in a change, it

is not destroyed or created. • Law of conservation of energy




Visual Concepts


Visual Concept

Energy and Chemical Reactions

Chapter 1





Atoms and Elements - Bozeman VIDEO goes better with ch. 1 - (OPTIONAL)

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Chemical Reactions >GAME ACTIVITY #1

To be sure you remember the differences between physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical changes, play the following sorting game.

See me if you still are having trouble distinguishing between these 4 terms. Also, be sure to understand the differences between intensive & extensive physical properties as well.

CLICK BELOW on either of the 2 game activities. (You must be in “play mode” with slideshow.

This is an interactive flash video with questions quiz on chemical or physical changes...!http://vital.cs.ohiou.edu/steamwebsite/downloads/ChangeLab.swf !

This is practice with sorting examples into either physical properties, chemical properties, physical change, or chemical change categories. This is excellent practice for the test with this concept. You will click on proceed to enter the activity itself. Please do not change anything on the list. http://classtools.net/widgets/dustbin_2/GnLsN.htm !

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physical & chemical properties & changes

http://vital.cs.ohiou.edu/steamwebsite/downloads/ChangeLab.swf

http://classtools.net/widgets/dustbin_2/GnLsN.htm

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Chemical Reactions >GAME ACTIVITY #2

To be sure you remember the differences between physical and chemical properties and physical and chemical changes, play the following sorting game.

See me if you still are having trouble distinguishing between these 4 terms. Also, be sure to understand the differences between intensive & extensive physical properties as well.

CLICK BELOW for activity #2 activity. (You must be in “play mode” with slideshow.

This is practice with sorting examples into either physical properties, chemical properties, physical change, or chemical change categories. This is excellent practice for the test with this concept. You will click on proceed to enter the activity itself. Please do not change anything on the list. http://classtools.net/widgets/dustbin_2/GnLsN.htm !!

86

physical & chemical properties & changes

CLICK:

http://classtools.net/widgets/dustbin_2/GnLsN.htm



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Distinguishing Substances and MixturesDistinguishing Substances and Mixtures

CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

How can substances and mixtures be distinguished?


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Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Substances and Mixtures

1.2

If the composition of a material is fixed, the material is a pure substance: an element or compound. If the composition of a material varies, the material is a mixture: either homogenous or heterogenous.



Visual Concepts


Visual Concept

Classification Scheme for Matter

Chapter 1





Classification of Matter - Videoclip summary




Classifying Matter




Substances• A pure substance has a fixed composition. !• Pure substances are either compounds or elements. !• A pure substance differs from a mixture in the following ways:

! • Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same characteristic properties. !

• Every sample of a given pure substance has exactly the same composition. !

• Water is always 11.2% hydrogen and 88.8% oxygen by mass.



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Mixtures

Panning is one way to separate gold from a mixture of gold and materials such as sand or gravel. A pan containing the mixture is place underwater and shaken vigorously from left to right. You will learn how to classify and separate mixtures.

1.2


Mixtures

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> Classifying Mixtures

Classifying Mixtures

How can mixtures be classified?

1.2

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>Mixtures Classifying Mixtures

• A mixture is a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties.

• mixed together physically • can usually be separated !

• A salad bar provides a range of items. Customers choose how much of each item to use in their salads. Each salad has a different composition.

1.2


>

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Mixtures Classifying Mixtures

Based on the distribution of their components, mixtures can be classified as heterogeneous mixtures or as homogeneous mixtures.

1.2

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Homogeneous Mixtures

A mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout is a homogeneous mixture.

Another name for a homogeneous mixture is a solution.

• example: (salt-water solution)

1.2

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Heterogeneous Mixtures

A mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout is a heterogeneous mixture.

• example (clay-water mixture)

1.2




Record a few more Examples of Mixtures


Mixtures

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>1.2 Separating Mixtures

Separating Mixtures

How can mixtures be separated?


>

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Mixtures Separating Mixtures

Differences in physical properties can be used to separate mixtures.

1.2

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>Mixtures Separating Mixtures

Filtration

The process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture is called filtration.

A colander is used to separate pasta from the water in which it was cooked. This process is a type of filtration.

1.2

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Distillation - 2 liquids separate if they have very differing boiling points and then condensate back into a liquid when they cool in the condenser chamber.

During a distillation, a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid.

1.2

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Chromatography

1.2

• Chromatography- physical separation based on attraction to liquid or solid.!

!o Paper Chromatography- paper is the stationary phase and liquid is the mobile phase. The more attracted to the mobile phase, the higher up on the paper the substance will move.!!o Column Chromatography- beads are the stationary phase and liquid is the mobile phase. The more attracted to the mobile phase, the further down the column the substance will move.

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Magnetism

Magnetism can be used to separate items that are magnetic such as metals like iron from other metals that are not magnetic such as aluminum.

1.2

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Other Methods: FORCEPS, DISSOLVING and EVAPORATION

1.2

• Dissolving a solid into a solution might help filter out another solid that remains and then using evaporation might leave a solid behind is another possible method.!

!Of course, using forceps could be done with easily obtained objects such as a marble in the sand or picking off topping on pizza that you didn’t want to eat. !!

!!

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>Mixtures Separation of Mixtures - Additional Methods

107


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Section Quiz

-or-Continue to: Launch:

Assess students’ understanding of the concepts in Section

1.2 C Section Quiz.

2.2.


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1.2 C Section Quiz.

7. Which of the following phrases describes a mixture?

a. composition varies

b. composition may vary

c. components cannot be separated


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1.2 C Section Quiz.

8. Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture?

a. vinegar (made up of acetic acid and water)

b. iron filings in sand

c. chicken noodle soup

d. muddy water


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1.2 C Section Quiz.

9. Which technique is used to separate homogeneous mixtures?

a. filtration

b. distillation

c. magnetism

d. dissolving



Laboratory Chemicals and Purity




Solutes, Solvents, and Solutions !CLICK BELOW FOR VISUAL CONCEPT.

Click here for Visual Concept


http://livepage.apple.com/


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online SELF-CHECK QUIZ FOR SECT. 1.2

TAKE THE FOLLOWING QUIZ. Record your answers. Ask questions for any answer that you do not understand.

CLICK BELOW TO TAKE THE QUIZ. YOU MUST BE IN THE PLAY MODE OF THE SLIDE SHOW.

QUIZ SECTION 1.2 MODERN CHEMISTRY HOLT

RECORD YOUR 10 ANSWERS IN NOTES.

http://my.hrw.com/sh/hc6_003036809x/student/ch01/sec02/hc601_02sq.htm



HOMEWORK - Standardized Test Prep (STP) PG. 25 #1-12. FOR #10-12, ANSWERS SHOULD BE WRITTEN OUT. #1-9 MAY HAVE LETTER OF ANSWER.!Study for SAFETY LAB QUIZQUIZ on lab equipment!Read ch. 1-2 and complete the textbook work above.


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FLASHCARDS CH. 1

CLICK BELOW TO STUDY AND PRACTICE CHEMISTRY CH. 1 TERMS SET #2. THESE ARE IN ADDITION TO 1.1 FLASHCARDS.

!

CLICK HERE FOR CH. 1 FLASHCARDS

http://quizlet.com/9303884/branches-of-chemistry-flash-cards/


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VIDEOS FOR ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTION

Additional Videos for Section 1.2 - (6 videoclips) - Matter & Its Properties!• Physical Matter Properties - Chemical Matter Properties (2:58)• Atomic Structure (2:16)• Elements and Compounds (2:29)• States of Matter (2:37)• Changes in Matter (1:15)• Mixtures (2:37)

http://brightstorm.com/science/biology/chemical-basis-of-life/physical-matter-properties-chemical-matter-properties

http://brightstorm.com/science/biology/chemical-basis-of-life/atomic-structure

http://brightstorm.com/science/biology/chemical-basis-of-life/elements-compounds

http://brightstorm.com/science/chemistry/matter/states-of-matter

http://brightstorm.com/science/chemistry/matter/changes-in-matter

http://brightstorm.com/science/chemistry/matter/mixtures

Chapter 1 Section 2 Matter and Its Properties Objectives

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Transcript of Chapter 1 Section 2 Matter and Its Properties Objectives