Chapter 1 Noun

7/25/2019 Chapter 1 Noun

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CHAPTER-1 THE NOU

(1.Common noun, 2. Proper noun, 3.Collective noun, 4.Abstract noun, 5.Material noun)

Definition :

A noun is a word, it is used as the name of a person, a nimal, place, bird, idea, emotion or thing.

For example boy , girl, table, chair, peacock, honesty, happiness, wisdom, book etc.,

e.g.

Person David, Sister, Woman, Brother

Place Chennai, London, Delhi, axico

Animal !iger, "lephant, Lion, Deer

Bird #arrot, Crow, Swan, #eacock

Emotion $appiness, Sadness, !ho%ght, !oy

Thing #en, Book, Comp%ter, #encil

Types of nouns

NOU NS ARE NAM IN wor ds . !h e" identi f" pe op le, things or pl ace in our wor ld. No un s come

si# different forms$ proper, common, abstract, concrete, c ollecti%e, and compound.

F%rther, the no%ns can be classi&ied into two ma'or types as ( co%ntable and %nco%ntable no%ns.

1. Common noun :

Denition :

A common noun is a name gi%en in common to e%er" person or thing of the same class of &ind.

!hese common no%ns are words &or things.

e.g.

chair bicycle television

hammer ladder comp%ter

axe calc%lator cooker

saw crayons book

co%rage r%ler printer


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la)iness lawnmower dictionary

!hese common no%ns are words &or animals.

e.g.

cat kitten lion

dog p%ppy tiger

horse &oal elephant

goat kid whale

&rog tadpole kangaroo

sheep lamb bear

!hese common no%ns are words &or places.

e.g.

airport hostel temple

%niversity hotel mos*%e

stadi%m bank school

park library college

&arm theater post o&&ice

)oo mall police station

!hese common no%ns are words &or people who do certain things.

e.g.

artist teacher police o&&icer

singer headmaster pl%mber

dancer manager driver

director doctor writer

magician lawyer &armer

artist clerk &riend


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2. Proper noun :

Denition :

A proper noun is the name of some particular pers on, place, thing, particular e%ent, or group. !h

pr op er nou n begins wi th a capi tal letter. If the no un is nons pecific, tha t is, the noun refers to a

general idea and not a specific person, place, or thing, it is usuall" not a proper noun, so it it no

capitali'ed.

e.g.

Specific Nonspecific

World war ++ war

"nglish class class

!he merican Bar ssociation !he association

!hese peoplesnames are proper no%ns.

e.g.

laddin %hammad li Dad

$arry #otter -eorge Washington om

ahatma -andhi $itler -ranny

Santa Cla%s elson andela /ncle David

Con&%ci%s 0ayalalitha iss #ark

lex 1odrig%e) 0acky chan r.1a'

!he names o& the days of the week and the months of the year are proper no%ns.

e.g.

days of the week months

S%nday 0an%ary %g%st

onday Febr%ary September

!%esday arch 2ctober

Wednesday pril ovember


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!h%rsday ay December

Friday 0%ne

Sat%rday 0%ly

!he names o& special daysand celebrationsare also proper no%ns.

e.g.

ew 3ear4s Day Dewali

5alentine4s Day 1amadan

+ndependece Day Christmas

Labo%r Day emorial Day

Falg Day !hanksgiving

1ep%blic Day 5eteran4s Day

!he names o& famous places, buildingsand monumentsare proper no%ns.

e.g.

!he !a' ahal !he Stat%e o& Liberty

!he "i&&el !ower Chaco Canyon #%eblo

!he -olden -ate Bridge the Leaning !ower o& #isa

!he -reat Wall o& China B%ckingham #alace

!he names o& people who live in a particular countryare also proper no%ns.

e.g.

ountry People

&ghanistan &ghans

%stralia %stralians

Britain !he British

-ermany -ermans

/S mericans


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+ndia +ndians

3. Collective noun :

Denition :

i( A collecti%e noun is a name of a number )collection( of persons or things ta&en together and

spo&en of as one whole as$

*rowd, mob, team, floc&, herd, arm", fleet, +ur", famil", nation, parliament, committee.

ii( Nouns that refer to a specific group of persons or things are called *ollecti%e Nouns.

!hese are no%ns &or gro%ps o& people. $ere are some collective no%ns &or gro%ps o& people.

e.g.

a &amily a committee

a comm%nity a company

a band a gang

a choir the government

an a%dience the army

any collective no%ns can be %sed with a singular or plural verb .

e.g. !he crowd was orderly.

!he people were clapping, yelling and cheering.

$ere are more collective no%ns we can %se &or groups of people.

e.g.

crowd o& people n army o& soldiers

a panel o& '%dges tem o& players

a class o& schoolchildren a company o& actors

a gang o& thieves a band o& m%sicians

any groups of animalshave their own special collective no%ns.

e.g.

a brood o& chickens a litter o& p%ppies a school o& &ish

a &lock o& birds a pack o& wolves a swarm o& bees


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a drove o& sheep a pride o& lions a troop o& monkeys

a herd o& cattle a pod o& dolphins a gaggle o& geese

Some groups of things also have their own special collective no%ns.

e.g.

a b%nch o& bananas a deck o& cards a &leet o& vehicles

a b%nch o& &lower a cl%ster o& grapes a s%ite o& rooms

a b%nch o& keys a grove o& trees a s%ite o& &%rnit%re

a bo%*%et o& &lower a &leet o& ships a set o& tools

Some no%ns name the amo%nt or &orm o& something.

e.g.

a loa& o& bread a bar o& soap a bar o& chocolate

!he words a piece o& mean a single serving or part o& something.

e.g.

a slice6piece o& bread a slice6piece o& cheese a sheet6piece o& paper

a piece6s*%are o&

chocolate a piece o& chalk a piece o& advice

4. Abstract noun :

Denition :

An abstract noun is usuall" the name of a feelings, ideas, action, state and characteristics, or

ualities considered apart from the ob+ect to which it belongs as.

ost abstract no%ns end with these s%&&ixes(

e.g.

!ism !ment !ity

nationalism arg%ment personality

!tion !ship !ence

aggravation &riendship silence

!his abstract no%n cannot be seen, heard, to%ched or tasted b%t it can only be &elt by o%r sense. !he

abstract no%n is not visible.

e.g.


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"uality

wiseness, goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, honesty, wisdom,

bravery

Action *%arreling, 'og, la%ghter, the&t, movement, '%dgement, hatred

State poverty, childhood, boyhood, manhood, yo%th, slavery, sleep, death

For example, we cannot be 7happiness7 b%t we can &eel that in o%r heart or mind. !he names o& the

s%b'ect o& st%dy 8e.g. grammar, m%sic, chemistry, etc.9 are also bstract o%ns.

(i Concrete nouns :

in opposite to abstract noun, the concrete nouns can be seen or t ouched b" us.

e.g.

b%ilding iron steel gold

(ii Countable nouns :

)countables( are the names of ob+ects, people, etc. that we can count. And the" ha%e their own

singular and plural forms.

e.g.

book apple doctor horse

books apples doctors horses

(iii !ncountable nouns :

)uncountables( are the names of things which we cannot count, e.g. mil&, oil, sugar, gold, hones

!he %nco%ntable no%ns generally re&er to

e.g.

drinks co&&ee, tea materials wood, glass, gold, silver

li#uids milk, oil, petrol games cricket, tennis, &ootball

gases air, oxygen

Co%ntable no%ns have pl%ral &orms while %nco%ntable no%ns do not. "ven the abstract no%ns are also

%nco%ntable no%ns.

For example, we say boys b%t we cannot say oils.

". #aterial noun :

Denition :

!here are the raw elements or ob+ects e#isting in nature.


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e.g.

+ron -old Stones Brass

l%mini%m erc%ry #lastic at

T$% &'!& )%&D%*

(1.Masculine Gender, 2. Feminine Gender, 3.Common Gender, 4.Neuter Gender)

Denition :

!he ender of noun indicates the se# or the absence of se#.

For example, boy, girl, hero, heroine, lion, lioness, etc.

1. #asculine )en+er :

Denition :

A noun that denotes a MA-E SE is called Masculine ender.

asc%line no%ns are words &or men, boys and male animals.

e.g.

boy lion b%ll dog

2. ,emine )en+er :

Denition :

A noun that denotes a /EMA-E SE is called /emine ender.

Feminine no%ns are words &or women, girls and &emale animals.

e.g.

girl lioness cow bitch

3. Common )en+er :

Denition :

A noun that denotes either a male or a f emale se# is said to be of the common gender.

e.g.

child st%dent &riend p%pil

4. &euter )en+er :


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Denition :

A noun that denotes a lifeless thing is called Neuter ender. !he noun that denotes a thing that i

neither male nor female is called Neuter ender.

e.g.

book pen room tree

-ays of formin t/e feminine of &ouns

1. $ere are some more masculine an+ feminine nouns for people.

$asculine %eminine

&ather mother

son da%ghter

brother sister

nephew niece

man woman

%ncle a%nt

master mistress

emperor empress

bachelor maid 6 spinster

sir madam

2. $ere are some masculine an+ feminine nouns for male an+ female animals. T/ere is

one eneral 0or+ for t/e animal an+ special 0or+ for male an+ female.

Animal $asculine %eminine

chicken rooster hen

duck drake d%ck

cattle b%ll cow

goose gander goose


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fo& &ox vixen

tiger tiger tigress

pig boar sow

horse stallion mare

donkey 'ack 'enny

3. y usin an entirely +ierent 0or+s as

$asculine %eminine

boy girl

bachelor maid 6 spinster

brother sister

dog bitch

king *%een

drake d%ck

monk n%n

hart roe

b%ck doe

earl co%ntees

4. y a++in a syllable (ess ine tri5 a etc as

$asculine %eminine

a%thor a%thoress

co%nt co%ntess

giant giantess

heir heiress


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lion lioness

host hostess

mayor mayoress

steward stewardess

shepherd shepherdess

poet poetess

4. y a++in ess after +roppin t/e vo0el of t/e masculine en+in

$asculine %eminine

ctor ctress

D%ke D%chess

"mperor "mpress

!iger !igress

Waiter waitress

egro egress

bbot bbess

!raitor !raitress

"xec%tor "xec%tix

!estator !estatrix

". y a 0or+ su65 or pre5 li7e

$asculine %eminine

an:servant aid:servant

ilk:man ilk:maid

-rand:&ather -rand:mother


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B%ll:cal& Cow:cal&

Cock:Sparrow $en:Sparrow

$e:goat She:goat

Land:lord Land:lady

#ea:cock pea:hen

Note( 2b'ects witho%t li&e are o&ten personi&ied, that is, spoken o& as i& they were living beings. We

then regard them as males or &emales.

!he asc%line -ender is o&ten applied to ob'ects remarkable &or Strength and violence; as,

!he S%n S%mmer Winter Death

!he s%n sheds his beams on rich and poor alike.

!he Feminine -ender is sometimes applied to ob'ects remarkable &or bea%ty, gentleness, and

grace&%lness; as,

!he oon the "arth Spring at%re

!he moon has hidden her &ace behind a clo%d.

T$% &'!& &!#%*

(1.Singular Number, 2.Plural Number)

Denition :

Numb ers are of ten use d befor e nouns to tell "o u e#actl" ho w ma n" peopl e or thi ngs th er e ar e.

%mbers are ad'ectives, too. !hey tell %s how many people, animals, or things there are. Sometimes

they are calledad'ectives o& *%antity.

e.g.

+ have twochildrens We bo%ght threebooks

two princes seven elves sixteen snails

one giant a h%ndred many more

1. 8inular &umber :


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Denition :

A noun that denotes onl" ONE person or thing is said to be in the SINU-AR NUM0ER.

e.g.

Book Basis +ndex

2. Plural &umber :

Denition :

A noun that denotes MORE !1AN ONE person or thing is said to be in the 2-URA- NUM0ER.

e.g.

Books Bases +ndices

,ormation of Plurals

!he usual construction of plural nouns from singular nouns is to add 3s to the end of a word.

e.g.

Singular Plural Singular Plural

Bird Birds Boy Boys

Dog Dogs Chair Chairs

Cat Cats !able !ables

Cow Cows Desk Desks

Nou ns endi ng in 3s, 3sh , 3ch, 3o, 3#, or 3' for m th e pl ur al b" addi ng 3es to the sin gul ar 4 as,

e.g.


B%s B%ses atch atches

Br%sh Br%shes !ax !axes

ango angoes $ero $eroes

B%)) B%))es


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Dynamo Dynamos #iano #ianos

1atio 1atios emento ementos

#hoto #hotos Stereo Siereos

Logo Logos Canto Cantos

video videos )oo )oos

kangaroo kangaroos hippo hippos

Nou ns endi ng in 3", precede d b" a con sona nt, for m the ir plur al b" changin g 5" int o 5i and

adding 5es,

e.g.


City Cities D%ty D%ties

Baby Babies Lady Ladies

rmy rmies Story Stories

Nou ns endi ng in 3", precede d b" a %ow els, form th eir pl ural b" adding 5s to the singu lar,

e.g.


Boy Boys Day Days

onkey onkeys


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Sel& Selves Wi&e Wives

some nouns that end in f are made plural simpl" b" adding s.

e.g.


chie& chie&s handkerchie& handkerchie&s

roo& roo&s cli&& cli&&s

Some nouns that end in f can be made plural in two wa"s.

e.g.

Singular Plural Plural

scar& scar&s scarves

hoo& hoo&s hooves

whar& whar&s wharves

dwar& dwar&s dwarves

9rreular nouns :

A few nouns form their plural b" changing the inside %owel of the singlar4 as,

e.g.


an en !hie& !hieves

Woman Women !ooth !heeth

nalysis nalyses -oose -eese

A few nous form their plural b" adding 5en to singular$ as

e.g.


2x 2xen Child children

Some nouns ha%e the singular and the plural ali&e.


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e.g.

Sheep Deer Swine Cod

!ro%t salmon aircra&t spacecra&t

Series species pair score

$%ndred

tho%sand

8when %sed

a&ter n%merals9 gross

Some nouns are used onl" in the plural.

!hese no%ns are always pl%ral.

e.g.

Scissors Spectacles !ongs !ro%sers

Drawers Dra%ghts 0eans py'amas

%mps easles Billiards ssets

thanks tidings aims riches

shorts pants binoc%lars scissors

Some nouns are used commonl" in Singular.

!he &ollowing no%ns look pl%ral b%t are in &act sing%lar

e.g.

Civics aths ews #hysics

electronics measles billiards #olitics

*ertain collecti%e Nouns though singular in form, are alwa"s used as plurals$ as

e.g.

po%ltry cattle people gentry

Some nouns gi%en different meaning when the" are in singular and plural.

e.g.

Singular $eaning Plural $eaning

ir -as aro%nd %s irs %nnat%ral manners


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-ood Fine, nice -oods L%ggage

Copper a kind o& metal Coppers police men

Wood !imber Woods &orest

Compass 1ange Compasses an instr%ment &or drawing circles

1espect 1egard 1espects Compliments

#hysic medicine #hysics nat%ral science

Force strength Forces troops

!he plural form for numbers and letters is made b" adding apostrophe and s.

e.g.

do4s and don4ts !wo =4s are &o%r

T$% &'!& P%*8'&

Denition :

A person or thing that is addressed is said to be the 6ocati%e *ase or Nominati%e of Address.

,unction of a &oun

no%n can have one o& the &ollowing &ive %ses or &%nctions

!he s%b'ect o& a verb(

e.g. David sings well

!he ob'ect o& a transitive verb(

e.g. $e bo%ght a pen

!he complement o& an incomplete verb(

e.g. y brother is a doctor

!he ob'ect o& a preposition.e.g. $e went by this door

+n opposition to the no%n that goes be&ore it.

e.g. David, my co%sin, is a great scholar

T$% &'!& CA8%

(1.Nominatie, 2.!b"ectie or #ccusatie, 3.Possessie or Genitie, 4.$ocatie or Nominatie

#ddress, &.'atie)

T/e Case of a noun can be classie+ into ,9%.


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1. &ominative Case

Denition :

A noun or a pronoun, when it is used as the SU07E*! O/ A 6ER0, it is said to be in the

Nomi nati%e *a se .

e.g.

$e bo%ght a book

+n the given example >$e4 is the s%b'ect. +t is the answer to the *%estion who bo%ght the book

@Bo%ght the book?A is the #redicate and it contains the 5erb >Bo%ght4. So the no%n >$e4 is said

be in the ominative Case.

e.g.

'emswas a Singer #roper o%n

Starsshine at night Common o%n

Platinumis very precio%s aterial o%n

The armyadvanced Collective o%n

Note(!o &ind the ominative Case ask the *%estion W$2 or W$! to the verb

2. 'b;ective or Accusative Case

Denition :

A noun or a pronoun, when it is used as the O07E*! O/ A 6ER0, it is said to be intheO07E*!I6E *ASE.

e.g.

0ohn killed a dog.

+n the given example > dog4 is teh answer to the *%estion >What did 0ohn kill4? !here&ore the

no%n >do g4 is called the 2B0"C! and it is said in the 2b'ective Case.

e.g.

0ems broke the door Common o%n

$e saw teh crowd Collective o%n

We went to (ondon #roper o%n

Dhoni sold all his )old aterial o%n

Note( !o &ind the 2b'ective or cc%sative Case p%t W$2 or W$! be&ore the verb and its

ob'ect.


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3. Prossessive or )enitive Case

Denition : A noun or a pronoun, when it is used to show owenership or possession, authorit", origin

&ind etc.,

+t is said to be in the #ossessive or -enitive Case.

e.g.

!his is Johns bike.

When the no%n is Sing%lar, the #ossessive Case is &ormed by adding >S4 8apostrophe S9 to the

no%n and when it is >S4 ending #l%ral by adding an apostrophe a&ter the >S4 8S49

e.g.

Singular Possessive Plural Possessive

0o" 0o"8s 0o"s 0o"s8

0oo& 0oo&8s 0oo&s 0oo&s8

irl irl8s irls irls8

Man Man8s Men Men8s

Our Ours 9omen 9omen8s

M" Mine 2arents 2arents8 :a"

;ou ;ours

==?8s

It Its

Who Whose

4. ocative Case or &ominative Case

Denition :

9hen the noun is the name of a person S2O@EN !O or A::RESSE:, it is said to be in the

6ocati%e case or we call its case, the Nominati%e of address

Sit down, Peter

Note( $ere #eter is addressed.

Dative Case


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Denition :

9hen a noun indicates the indirect ob+ect of the %erb 3 generall ", I6E8 it is said to be in the

:ati%e *ase.

David gave ir)a a pen

+n the above sentence *avid was the person to whom $ir+agave a pen. !he +ndirect ob'ect o& a ver

denotes the person to whomesomething is given or for whomsomething is done.

ir)a bo%ght Sachin a letter. -et Sachin an %mbrella.

C'#P'!&D &'!&8

Denition :

9hen we put two or more words together to create a new word, we ha%e made a compound noun

o%ns o& more than one word are called compo%nd no%ns.e.g.

noun , noun police o&&icer ice:cream &ire&ighter

noun , verb carwash hairc%t milkshake

verb , noun cross:road cookbook '%mp rope

ad-ective , noun black eye bl%e 'eans hotdog

adverb , noun on:looker downtime overtime

adverb , verb inp%t o%tp%t %pswing

Compo%nd no%ns can take three &orms( hyphenated, solid and open.

$


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e.g.

rollback restroom whatever

break&ast needlepoint slingshot

'P%& C'#P'!&D8

Sometimes no hyphenating or closing %p is necessary to &orm a compo%nd. 2pen compo%nds are word

that are %sed as a single %nit o& meaning b%t are still written separately as two words.

e.g.

wet n%rse roller coaster whatever

sleeping bag &irst aid m%g shot

Chapter 1 Noun

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