Chapter 1 NotesAHSGE Social Studies Review

CrusadesThe crusades produced a

desire for Europeans to trade with Asia.

Europeans began looking for faster sea routes to Asia. (Trading over land was costly.)

New advances in navigation devices and sailing ships enabled sailors to travel to the New World.

CrusadesEuropeans discovered new

spices and cloth while fighting the Muslims in the Holy Land.

Columbus found the New World while searching for a new sea route to Asia.

Renaissance Scholars returned to ancient Greek,

Roman, and Hebrew writings to find answers to basic questions.

Religious reformers questioned the teachings of the Catholic Church after comparing contemporary church practices with the practices in the early church.

RenaissanceThis questioning led to the

division of many different sects from the Catholic Church.

Protestants and Catholics vied for power in Europe.

Many Europeans sought new converts to Christianity.

RenaissanceProtestant and Catholic

dissidents left Europe by the thousands for the New World where they could enjoy religious toleration.

They were looking for a place to practice their beliefs free of government interference.

Colombian Exchange It was an exchange of goods, ideas,

and customs back and forth between Europe and the New World.

Europeans brought over horses and farm animals.

Europeans took fruits and vegetables from the New World and cultivated them in Europe.

Colombian Exchange Europeans brought diseases such

as smallpox and measles to the New World.

Native American societies destabilized due to the diseases and conquest by Europeans.

European diseases destroyed entire cultures of people in the New World.

Explorers- PortugalBartholomeu Dias- first

European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope, Africa

Vasco de Gama- first European to sail around Africa and reach India by sea

Explorers- Spain Christopher Columbus- discovered

the New World, landed in the Caribbean Islands and South America

Amerigo Vespucci- scouted the coast of North America; the American continents are named after him

Explorers- FranceJacque Cartier- explored the

St. Lawrence seaway looking for a waterway to the Pacific

Samuel de Champlain- established fur trading settlements in Canada

Explorers- EnglandJohn Cabot- looked for a

waterway to the Pacific along the North American coast

Sir Walter Raleigh- sponsored the first English settlement at Roanoke; searched for “City of Gold” in South America

European Settlements- SpainSt. Augustine-

first city founded by Europeans in North America

It was vital to maintaining control of Florida and ensuring the safety of the Spanish trade in Mexico.

European Settlements- Spain Served as an important port for

Spanish ships (commercial and military)

It provided protection against the British and the French pirates who tried to loot the Spanish ships sailing from Mexico to Spain loaded with gold and riches.

European Settlements- Spain The Spanish annihilated Native

American villages because they had better weapons.

Their guns and canons destroyed whole towns.

Native Americans had never seen fair skinned, bearded people, so they thought they were sent from the gods.

European Settlements- France The French settled in the region

of Louisiana before the country’s founding.

French influence can still be found today in the architecture (Gothic or Romanesque), street names (French words), food (Creole and Cajun), and music (Cajun).

European Settlements- EnglandRoanoke- first attempted

English colony in North America. It was unsuccessful. It became

known as the Lost Colony of Roanoke.

Governor was John White. Virginia Dare- the first English child

born in the Americas

European Settlements- EnglandPhiladelphia- largest city in

the new colonies. Its name means “brotherly

love.” It became a center for

shipping, fishing, and trading.

European Settlements- England Jamestown-

It was the first successful English colony in the present day US.

Merchants founded this colony and gave the people in the colony the right to have their own representative government.

It became an example for the founders of the US government.

European Settlements- EnglandPlymouth-

The first Puritan colony established in North America.

The pilgrims governed this colony with the Mayflower Compact, promising equal justice for all and popular democracy for all adult males at town meetings.

Native American Groups Arctic-

Location- Coasts of Alaska Livelihood- Hunted seal and caribou,

fishing Cultural differences- Tents in summer

and well-insulated frame structures covered with skins and blocks of sod in winter

Central Canada winter homes were igloos (made of blocks of ice)

Native American Groups Southeast

Location- from Atlantic Ocean to TX, from Gulf of Mexico to Midwest

Livelihood- hunted deer and other wild game, gathered fruit and nuts

Cultural differences- burned underbrush in forest to maintain a high deer population/ built mounds/ some had town squares

Native American Groups Aztec

Location- Mexico Livelihood- farmers of maize and

cocoa Cultural differences- built

aqueducts, bridges, pyramids, practiced human and animal sacrifice, used pictographic writing on leaves

Native American Groups Inca

Location- Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Chile

Livelihood- Farmers of potatoes and maize, used llamas as beasts of burden

Cultural difference- advanced gov’t system for 3- 16 million people, built temples, palaces, fortresses, stone buildings, rope suspension bridges, irrigation canals, aqueducts, used bronze, practiced human and animal sacrifice

Vocabulary/ Terms Compass- an instrument that uses

magnetic needle to indicate direction Astrolabe- an instrument that allowed

sailors to find their position from the stars

Caravel- a ship with triangular sails and rudder

Sextant- an instrument for determining a ship’s position at sea; it replaced the astrolabe as an instrument which used the stars to determine location

Vocabulary/ Terms Conquistadors- Spanish explorers and

soldiers who conquered Native American empires

Mercantilism- economic policy which favors exports over imports to increase a nation’s gold reserves

Joint-stock company- a private company that sells shares to investors

House of Burgesses- colonial government made of elected representatives

Vocabulary/ Terms Plantation- large estate farmed by many

workers Indentured servants- people who signed a

contract to work for a certain length of time in exchange for passage to the colonies

Triangular trade route- colonial trade routes between the Caribbean, New England, Europe and Africa

Mayflower Compact- agreement that the pilgrims signed before landing at Plymouth