Chapter 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
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Transcript of Chapter 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
1.1 Sensory Organs
Topic 1 The World Topic 1 The World Through Our SensesThrough Our Senses
ITeach – Science Form 2
ITeach – Science Form 2
Sensory OrgansTopic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sensory Organs
Very important
To detect changes around us
Sensory organs
Tongue
Ear
Skin
Nose
Eye
To taste
To hear
To touch
To smell
To see
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Organ DeriaTopik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Organ Deria
Sangat penting
Untuk mengesan perubahan disekeliling kita
Organ Deria
Lidah
Telinga
Kulit
Nose
Eye
Untuk merasa
Untuk mendengar
Untuk menyentuh
Untuk menghidu
Untuk melihat
ITeach – Science Form 2
Sensory OrgansTopic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Pathway From Stimulus To Response
StimulusReceptors in
sensory organs
Nerveimpulses
Nerves
Nerveimpulses
ResponseEffectors (e.g.
muscles, glands)
Nerveimpulses
Nerves Nerveimpulses
ITeach – Sains Tingkaran 2
Organ DeriaTopik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Laluan Dari Rangsangan Ke Gerak Balas
RangsanganReseptor
dalam organ deria
Impuls saraf
Saraf
Impuls saraf
Gerak balas Efektor (cth: otot, kelenjar)
Impuls saraf
Saraf Impuls saraf
1.2 Sense of Touch
Topic 1 The World Topic 1 The World Through Our SensesThrough Our Senses
ITeach – Science Form 2
ITeach – Sains Form 2
Sense of TouchTopic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Human Skin
Largest organ in the body Can detect changes in
temperature, pain, touch and pressure
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Deria SentuhTopik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Kulit Manusia
Organ terbesar di dalam tubuh
Boleh mengesan sebarang perubahan suhu, sakit, sentuhan dan tekanan
Dermis
Epidermis
Receptors
Sweat glands
Blood vessels
ITeach – Sains Form 2
Sense of TouchTopic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Skin Structure
Contains :
Dermis (Inner layer)
Touch receptor
Pressure receptor
Hair
Pain receptor
Heat receptor
Cold receptor
Sweat gland
Blood vessel
Waterproof
Tough
Act as a protective layer
Epidermis (Outer Layer)
Fatty layer
Dermis
Epidermis
Receptor
Kelenjar peluh
Salur darah
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Deria RasaTopik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Struktur Kulit
Mengandungi :
Dermis (Lapisan dalam)
Reseptor sentuhan
Reseptor tekanan
Rambut
Reseptor sakit
Reseptor haba
Reseptor sejuk
Kelenjar peluh
Salur darah
Tahan air
Kuat
Bertindak sebagai lapisan
pelindung
Epidermis (Lapisan luar)
Lapisan lemak
ITeach – Science Form 2
Sense of TouchTopic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sensitivity of skin
Differs at different parts of the body
Thickness of epidermis Number of receptors
Depends on
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Deria SentuhTopik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Kepekaan kulit
Berbeza pada bahagian badan yang berlainan
Ketebalan epidermis Bilangan reseptor
Bergantung kepada
ITeach – Science Form 2
Sense of TouchTopic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Parts Sensitive To Touch
More sensitive to touch Less sensitive to touch
Lips
Behind of the ears
Fingertips
The back of neck
Elbow
Knee
Palm of the hand
Buttocks
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Deria SentuhTopik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Bahagian Badan Yang Sensitif Kepada Sentuhan
Lebih sensitif kepada sentuhan
Kurang sensitif kepada sentuhan
Bibir
Belakang telinga
Hujung jari
Belakang leher
Siku
Lutut
Tapak tangan
Punggung
1.3 Sense of Smell
Topic 1 The World Topic 1 The World Through Our SensesThrough Our Senses
ITeach – Science Form 2
Helps breathing and smelling
ITeach – Sains Form 2
Sense of SmellTopic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Nose
Sensory cell
Nerve from the brain
Nasal cavity
Nostril
Air current
Membantu pernafasan dan menghidu bau
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Deria BauTopik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Hidung
Sel deria
Saraf ke otak
Rongga hidung
Lubang hidung
Aliran udara
ITeach – Sains Form 2
Sense of SmellTopic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Pathway of Smell Detection
Chemicals in vapour form enters
nasal cavity
Chemicals dissolves in mucous
lining and stimulates receptors
Smell is identified Brain interprets the impulse
Nerveimpulse
Brain
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Deria BauTopik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Laluan Pengesanan Bau
Bahan kimia dalam bentuk wap masuk ke rongga hidung
Bahan kimia melarut dalam
lapisan mukus dan merangsangkan
reseptor
Bau dikenal pasti Otak mentafsir impuls
Impuls saraf
Otak
ITeach – Science Form 2
Sense of SmellTopic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sensitivity of Nose
The strength of smell The presence of mucous
Depends on
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Deria BauTopik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Kepekaan Hidung
Kekuatan bau Kehadiran mukus
Bergantung kepada
1.4 Sense of Taste
Topic 1 The World Topic 1 The World Through Our SensesThrough Our Senses
ITeach – Science Form 2
ITeach – Science Form 2
Sense of TasteTopic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Tongue To detect taste
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Salty
Bitter (bitter gourd, blackcoffee without sugar)
Sour (lime, vinegar)
Salty (salt)Salty
Sour
Sweet (honey, ice-cream)
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Deria RasaTopik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Lidah Untuk mengesan rasa
Manis
Masam
Pahit
Masin
Pahit (peria, kopi tanpa gula)
Masam (limau, cuka)
Masin (garam)Masin
Masam
Manis (madu, aiskrim)
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
The pathway of Taste Detection
Food is chewed
Chemicals from food dissolves in
saliva and stimulates
receptors in taste bud
Taste is identified Brain interprets the taste
Nerveimpulse
Brain
Sense of Taste
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Laluan Pengesanan Rasa
Makanan dikunyah
Bahan kimia daripada makanan larut dalam air liur
dan merangsangkan reseptor dalam
tunas rasa
Rasa dikenal pasti Otak mentafsirkan rasa
Impuls saraf
Otak
Deria Rasa
1.5 Sense of Hearing
Topic 1 The World Topic 1 The World Through Our SensesThrough Our Senses
ITeach – Science Form 2
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sense of Hearing
Helps to hear
Ear
Outer ear Middle ear
Consists of 3 main parts
Inner ear
Pinna
Auditory canal
EardrumAuditory nerve
Cochlea
Semicircularcanals
Eustachian tube
Ossicles
Telinga
LuarTelingaTengah
TelingaDalam
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Deria Pendengaran
Membantu pendengaran
Telinga
Telinga luar Telinga tengah
Terdiri daripada 3 bahagian
Telinga dalam
Cuping telinga
Salur auditori
Gegendang telingaSaraf auditori
Koklea
Salur separa bulat
Tiub Eustachio
Osikel
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sense of Hearing
Hearing Mechanism
(a) Pinna (b) Auditory canal (c) Eardrum (d) Ossicles
(e) Cochlea(f) Auditory nerves
Brain
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Deria Pendengaran
Mekanisme Pendengaran
(a) Cuping telinga
(b) Salur auditori
(c) Gegendang telinga (d) Osikel
(e) Koklea(f) Saraf auditori
Otak
Telinga Luar TelingaDalam
Telinga Tengah
1.6 Sense of Sight
Topic 1 The World Topic 1 The World Through Our SensesThrough Our Senses
ITeach – Science Form 2
Blind spot
Optic nerve
Eye muscle
Yellow spot(fovea)
Retina
ChoroidSclera
Ciliary body
Vitreoushumour
Aqueoushumour
Conjunctiva
Sunspensoryligaments
IrisCornea
Pupil
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sense of Sight
Human Eye
Helps to see
Slightly flattened ball
The front of eye is protected by eyelid
The Eyeball is made of 3 layers
Sclera
Choroid
Retina
Blind spot
Optic nerveEye muscle
Yellow spot (fovea)Retina
ChoroidSclera
Ciliary body
Vitreoushumour
Aqueoushumour
ConjunctivaSuspensoryligaments
Iris
CorneaPupil
Bintik buta
Saraf optik
Otot mata
Bintik kuning(fovea)
Retina
KoroidSklera
Jasad silia
Gelemaca
Gelemair
Konjunktiva
Ligamen penggantung
IrisKornea
Anak mata
Mata manusia
Membenarkan kita untuk melihat
Bola yang agak pipih
Bahagian hadapan mata dilindungi kelopak mata
Bola mata terdiri daripada 3 lapisan
Sklera
Koroid
Retina
Bintik buta
Saraf optikOtot mata
Bintik kuning (fovea)Retina
KoroidSklera
Jasad silia
Gelemaca
Gelemair
KonjunKtivaLigamen
penggantung
Iris
KorneaAnak mata
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Deria Penglihatan
Retina - Detects light stimulus and changes it into nerve impulses
Iris - Controls the size of pupil and amount of light entering the eye
ITeach – Science Form 2
Structures and Functions of Human Eye
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sense of Sight
Sclera - Protects and maintains the shape of the eyeball
Cornea - Allows light to enter the eye and focuses it on the retina
Lens - Refracts and focuses the light to form an image on the retina
Choroid - Supplies food and oxygen to the eye, absorb and avoid light reflection in eye
Pupil - Controls amount of light to enter the eye
Suspensory ligament - Supports and holds the lens in place
Vitreous humour - Maintains the shape of the eye - Refracts light onto the retina - Disperses and focuses image on the retina
Ciliary muscle - Changes the thickness of the lensAqueous humour - Refracts and focuses the light entering the eye
Conjunctiva - Protects the cornea
Yellow spot - Most sensitive to light where object seen will be focused here
Blind spot - Not sensitive to light
Blind spot
Optic nerve
Eye muscle
Yellow spot (fovea)Retina
ChoroidSclera
Ciliary body
Vitreoushumour
Aqueoushumour
ConjunctivaSunspensory
ligamentsIris
CorneaPupil
Retina – Mengesan cahaya dan mengubahnya kepada impuls saraf
Iris – Mengawal saiz anak mata dan jumlah cahaya yang memasuki mata
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Struktur Dan Fungsi Mata Manusia
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Deria Penglihatan
Sklera – Melindungi dan mengekalkan bentuk mata
Kornea – Membenarkan cahaya memasuki mata dan memfokusnya pada retina
Kanta – Membias dan memfokus cahaya untuk Membentuk imej pada retina
Koroid – Membekalkan makanan dan oksigen kepada mata, menyerap dan mengelakkan pantulan cahaya dalam mataAnak mata – Mengawal jumlah cahaya yang memasuki mataLigamen penggantung – Menyokong dan memegang kanta
Gelemaca - Mengekalkan bentuk mata - Membias cahaya ke atas retina - Menyebar dan memfokus imej pada
retinaOtot silia – Mengubah ketebalan kanta
Gelemair – Membias dan memfokus cahaya yang memasuki mata
Konjunktiva - Melindungi kornea
Bintik kuning – Paling peka cahaya di mana objekyang dilihat difokuskan di sini
Bintik buta – Tidak peka cahaya
Bintik buta
Saraf optik
Otot mata
Bintik kuing (fovea)Retina
KoroidSklera
Jasad silia
Gelamaca
Gelemair
KonjunktivaLigamen
penggantungIris
KorneaAnak mata
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sense of Sight
The Sight Mechanism
Object reflects or
gives out light
light travels through Cornea refracts light Aqueous humour
refracts light
Pupilcontrols the amount
of lightLensfocuses the light
raysVitreous humour
refracts light
Brainsends impulsesOptic nervesensitive to light
raysRetina
Interprets the message
Object is seen
In upright position
Image Real Inverted Diminished
Light rays from object
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Deria Penglihatan
Mekanisma Penglihatan
Objek memantul atau mengeluarkan
cahaya
cahaya bergerak melalui Kornea membias cahaya Gelemair
membias cahaya
Anak matamengawal kuantiti
cahayaKantamemfokus sinar
cahayaGelemaca
membias cahaya
OtakMenghantar impulsSaraf optikpeka cahayaRetina
Mentafsir masej
Objek dilihat
Dalam kedudukan tegak
Imej Nyata Songsang Kecil
Sinar cahaya daripada objek
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sense of Sight
How do we see?
To see clearly, light rays has to be focused onto the retina.
Hence, the lens change its thickness by the action of the ciliary body.
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Deria Penglihatan
Bagaimana kita melihat?
Untuk melihat dengan jelas, sinar cahaya mesti difokuskan pada retina
Maka, kanta mengubah ketebalannya melalui tindakan jasad silia
1.7 Light and Sight
Topic 1 The World Topic 1 The World Through Our SensesThrough Our Senses
ITeach – Science Form 2
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Light and Sight
Light
A form of energy.
Travels in straight line at the speed of 3 x 108 m/s.
Can be reflected – light bounces off the surface of an object.
Can be refracted – light bends when it enters a medium of different density.
reflection refraction
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Cahaya Dan Penglihatan
Cahaya
Satu bentuk tenaga.
Bergerak dalam garis lurus pada kelajuan 3 x 108 m/s.
Boleh dipantulkan – cahaya terpantul pada permukaan objek
Boleh dibiaskan – cahaya membengkok apabila memasuki medium berlainan ketumpatan
Pantulan cahaya Pembiasan cahaya
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Light and Sight
Vision Defects
Short-sightedness
Astigmatism Presbyopia
Long-sightedness
Colour-blindness
Happen when image is not formed on the retina
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Cahaya Dan Penglihatan
Kecacatan Penglihatan
Rabun jauh Astigmatisme Presbyopia
Rabun dekat Buta warna
Berlaku apabila cahaya tidak difokus dengan tepat pada retina
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Light and Sight
Short-Sightedness
Rays fromdistant object
Image is focused infront of the retina Concave lens
Sharp image isformed on the retina
Rays fromdistant object
Lens too thick
Eyeball too long
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Cahaya Dan Penglihatan
Rabun Jauh (Myopia)
Sinar dari objek jauh
Imej difokus di hadapan retina Kanta cekung
Imej tajam terbentuk pada retina
Sinar dari objek jauh
Kanta terlalu tebal
Bola mata terlalu panjang
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Light and Sight
Long-Sightedness
Rays fromnear object
Light is not focused on the retina and theimage is formed behind the retina Convex lens
Sharp image isformed on the retina
Rays fromnear object
Lens too thin
Eyeball too short
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Cahaya Dan Penglihatan
Rabun Dekat (Hypermetropia)
Sinar dari objek sekat
Cahaya tidak difokus pada retina dan imej terbentuk di belakang retina
Kanta cembung
Imej tajam terbentuk pada retina
Sinar dari objek sekat
Kanta terlalu nipis
Bola mata terlalu pendek
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Light and Sight
Colour Blindness
Due to reduce number of colour receptors or
Due to defects of colour receptors
Not able to differentiate some or all colours
Cannot be corrected
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Cahaya Dan Penglihatan
Buta Warna
Disebabkan oleh kekurangan bilangan reseptor warna atau
Disebabkan oleh kecacatan reseptor warna
Tidak dapat membezakan sesetengah atau semua warna
Tidak boleh diperbetulkan
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Light and Sight
Astigmatism
Due to irregular curvature of cornea or lens
Causes blur vision
Can be corrected with cylindrical lenses
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Cahaya Dan Penglihatan
Astigmatisme
Disebabkan permukaan kornea atau kanta yang tidak sekata
Menyebabkan penglihatan kabur
Boleh diperbetulkan dengan menggunakan kanta silinder
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Light and Sight
Limitations of Sight
Optical illusions
Blind spot
Brain cannot interpret correctly
Brain is confused by conditions around the object
Images fall on the parts without photo receptors
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Cahaya Dan Penglihatan
Had Penglihatan
Ilusi optik
Bintik buta
Otak tidak dapat mentafsir dengan betul
Otak keliru dengan keadaan di sekeliling objek
Imej jatuh pada bintik buta iaitu bahagian pada retina yang tidak mempunyai fotoreseptor
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Light and Sight
Stereoscopic and Monoscopic Vision
Stereoscopic Vision
3 dimensional image
Can estimate distance and position accurately
Example : Human, cat
Monoscopic Vision
Visual fields not overlap
Have wide field of vision
Example : fish, bird
Visual field of right eye
Overlapping visual field
Visual field of left eye
Narrow vision field or each eye
Wide angle of vision foreach eye
No overlapping visual fields
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Cahaya Dan Penglihatan
Penglihatan Stereoskopik Dan Monokular
Penglihatan Stereoskopik
Imej 3 dimensi
Menganggar jarak dan kedudukan dengan tepat
Contoh : Manusia, kucing
Penglihatan Monokular
Medan penglihatan tidak bertindih
Medan penglihatan luas
Contoh : ikan, burung
Medan penglihatan mata kanan
Pertindihan medan
penglihatan
Medan penglihatan mata kiri
Medan penglihatan sempit bagi kedua-dua mata
Medan penglihatan luas bagi kedua-dua mata
Tiada pertindihan medan penglihatan
1.8 Sound and Hearing
Topic 1 The World Topic 1 The World Through Our SensesThrough Our Senses
ITeach – Science Form 2
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sound and Hearing
Sound
A form of energy produced by vibrations
Sound needs a medium to travel
Sound travels fastest in solid, slowest in air
Sound can be reflected
Sound can be absorbed
Sound is best absorbed by soft, hollow and rough surfaces. Example pillow, sponge
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Bunyi Dan Pendengaran
Bunyi
Satu bentuk tenaga yang dihasilkan oleh getaran
Bunyi memerlukan medium untuk bergerak
Bunyi bergerak paling laju melalui pepejal, paling lambat melalui udara
Bunyi boleh dipantulkan
Bunyi boleh diserap
Permukaan yang lembut, kasar dan berongga merupakan penyerap bunyi yang paling baik. Contoh bantal, span
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sound and Hearing
Hearing Defects
Damage to the hearing centre of the brain
Tearing of eardrum
Infection of the ossicles
Damage to the auditory nerves
Damage to the sensory cells of cochlea
Deafness
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Bunyi Dan Pendengaran
Kecacatan Pendengara
n
Kerosakan pusat pendengaran di otak
Gegendang telinga terkoyak
Jangkitan pada osikel
Kerosakan saraf auditori
Kerosakan sel deria koklea
Pekak
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sound and Hearing
Limitations of Hearing
The hearing range for human is 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
Devices to help hearing
Microphone : transmit loud sound over a distance
Hearing-aid : amplify sound
Stethoscope : listen to heart beat
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Bunyi Dan Pendengaran
Had Pendengaran
Julat pendengran bagi manusia ialah 20 Hz to 20 000 Hz
Alat untuk membantu pendengaran
Mikrofon : Menghantar bunyi kuat ke jarak jarak jauh
Alat bantu dengar : menguatkan bunyi
Stetoskop : mendengar bunyi denyutan jantung
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Sound and Hearing
Stereophonic Hearing
Able to hear with both ears
Able to determine direction of sound
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Bunyi Dan Pendengaran
Pendengaran Stereofonik
Kebolehan mendengar dengan kedua-dua belah telinga
Kebolehan menentukan arah bunyi
1.9 Stimuli and Responses In Plant
Topic 1 The World Topic 1 The World Through Our SensesThrough Our Senses
ITeach – Science Form 2
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Stimuli and Responses In Plant
Stimuli and Responses In Plants
Plants respond to stimuli like water, gravity, light, touch, temperature and chemicals.
Plant respond by growing in certain directions called tropisms.
Plants respond slower and lasts longer compare to human’s response.
ITeach – Sains Tingkatan 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Rangsangan Dan Gerak Balas Dalam Tumbuhan
Rangsangan dan gerak balas dalam
tumbuhan
Tumbuhan bergerak balas terhadap rangsangan seperti air, graviti, cahaya, suhu dan bahan kimia.
Tumbuhan bergerak balas terhadap rangsangan luar melalui pertumbuhan ke arah tertentu. Gerak balas ini dipanggil tropisme
Tumbuhan bergerak balas lebih perlahan dan kekal lama berbanding gerak balas manusia.
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topic 1 The World Through Our Senses
Stimuli and Responses In Plant
Type of Response in Plants
Nastic movement
mimosa pudica plant folds it leaves when touched
Hydrotropism – response to water
roots grow towards water
Geotropism – response to gravity
roots grow downwards shoots grow upwards
Phototropism – response to light
shoots grow toward light
Thigmotropism – response to touch or contact with a solid structure Plants with weak stem wrap
their tendrils around a supporting structure
WaterMaize plant grow towards light
Cucumber plant
Tendril curls around support
ITeach – Science Form 2
Topik 1 Dunia Melalui Deria Kita
Rangsangan Dan Gerak Balas Dalam TumbuhanJenis- Jenis Gerak Balas
Tumbuhan
Pergerakan nastik
Daun pokok semalu menutup serta merta apabila disentuh
Hidrotropisme – gerak balas terhadap air
Akar tumbuh ke arah air
Geotropisme – gerak balas terhadap graviti
Akar tumbuh ke bawah Pucuk tumbuh ke atas
Fototropisme – gerak balas terhadap cahaya
Pucuk tumbuh ke arah cahaya
Tigmotropisme – gerak balas terhadap sentuhan atau apabila bersentuh dengan objek Tumbuhan berbatang lembut
melilitkan salur paut disekeliling struktur sokongan
AirPucuk pokok jagung tumbuh ke arah cahaya
Tumbuhan timun
Salur paut melingkari sokongan
The End
i - Teach