Citethis: Chem. Soc. Rev.,2012, 41,3571–3583 TUTORIAL REVIEW
Chapter 1 CHEM 205 Tutorial 0 .
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Transcript of Chapter 1 CHEM 205 Tutorial 0 .
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chapter 1
CHEM 205CHEM 205
Tutorial 0Tutorial 0
http://www.karentimberlake.com/chemodul.htm
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Units of measurement
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MeasurementMeasurement
You are making a measurement when you
Check you weight
Read your watch
Take your temperature
Weigh an apple
What kinds of measurements did you make today?
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Some Tools for MeasurementSome Tools for Measurement
How do you measure….
Temperature?
Time?
Volume?
Weight?
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Measurement in ScienceMeasurement in Science
In Science we
do experiments
measure quantities
use numbers to report measurements
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Units in the Metric System (S.I.)Units in the Metric System (S.I.)
length meter m
volume liter L
mass gram g
temperatureCelsius °C
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Stating a MeasurementStating a Measurement
In every measurement there is aNUMBER followed by a UNIT from measuring device
The patient’s temperature is 102°F.
The sack holds 5 lbs of potatoes.
It is 8 miles from your house to school.
The bottle holds 2 L of orange soda
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Significant Figures
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Reading a measureReading a measure
First digit (known) = 2 2.?? cm
Second digit (known) = 0.7 2.7? cm
Third digit (estimated) between 0.05- 0.07
Length reported = 2.74 cm
or 2.75 cm
or 2.73 cm
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Known, significant, estimated digitsKnown, significant, estimated digits
2.74 cm
Known
(100% certain)Estimated
(uncertain)
Significant!
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l5. . . . I . . . . I6. . . .I . . . . I7. . cm
1) 6.0 cm
2) 6.06 cm
3) 6.60 cm
What is the length of the line?
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Exact NumbersExact Numbers
Obtained when you count objects
2 soccer balls
1 watch
3 pizzas
Obtained from a defined relationship1 foot = 12 inches
1 meters = 100 cm
Not obtained with measuring tools
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A._M_Gold melts at 1064°C
B._E_1 yard = 3 feet
C._M_A red blood cell with diameter 6 x 10-4 cm
D._E_There were 6 hats on the shelf
E._M_A can of soda contains 355 mL of soda
Classify each of the following as an exact (E) or a measured (M) number.
A.___Gold melts at 1064°C
B.___1 yard = 3 feet
C.___A red blood cell with diameter 6 x 10-4 cm
D.___There were 6 hats on the shelf
E.___A can of soda contains 355 mL of soda
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Significant Figures in Calculations
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Number of Significant Figures
38.15 cm
0.008 ft
25000 in
0.48600 gal
4
1
2
5
Counting Significant FiguresCounting Significant Figures
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Significant Numbers in CalculationsSignificant Numbers in Calculations
A calculated answer cannot be more precise than the measuring tool.
Significant figures are needed for final answers from
1) adding or subtracting
2) multiplying or dividing
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Adding and SubtractingAdding and Subtracting
The answer has the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places.
25.2 ONE decimal place
+ 1.34 TWO decimal places
26.54
answer 26.5 ONE decimal place
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In each calculation, round the answer to the correct number of significant
figures.
A. 235.05 + 19.6 + 2.1 =
1) 256.75 2) 256.8 3) 257
B. 58.925 - 18.2 =
1) 40.725 2) 40.73 3) 40.7
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Multiplying and DividingMultiplying and Dividing
Round (or add zeros) to the calculated answer until you have the same number of significant figures as the measurement with the fewest significant figures.
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A. 2.19 X 4.2 = 1) 9 2) 9.2 3) 9.198
B. 4.311 ÷ 0.07 = 1) 61.58 2) 62 3) 60
C. 2.54 X 0.0028 =
0.0105 X 0.060
1) 11.3 2) 11 3) 0.041
In each calculation, round the answer to the correct number of significant figures.
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Prefixes and
Equalities
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Metric PrefixesMetric Prefixes
Increase or decrease basic unit by 10
Form new units larger or smaller than the
basic units
0.00356 = 3.56 x 10-3
123 000 000 000 000 = 123 x 1012
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Prefix Symbol Value Exponential
giga G 1,000,000,000 109
mega M 1,000,000 106
kilo k 1,000 103
hecto h 100 102
deca da 10 101
no prefix means: 1 100
deci d 0.1 10-1
centi c 0.01 10-2
milli m 0.001 10-3
micro m 0.000001 10-6
nano n 0.000000001 10-9
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A. 1 kg = ____ g
1) 10 g 2) 100 g 3) 1000 g
B. 1 mm = ____ m
1) 0.001 m 2) 0.01 m 3) 0.1 m
Give the value of the following units:
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Equalities Equalities
State the same measurement in two
different units
length
10.0 in.
25.4 cm
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Conversion FactorsConversion Factors
Express an equality between two different units
Example: 1 in = 2.54 cm
Factors: 1 in and 2.54 cm
2.54 cm 1 in
3 in → ? cm 3 in x1in
2.54cm= 7.62 cm8
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Initial unit = pints Final unit =
Blood has a density of 0.05 g/mL. If a
person lost 0.30 pints of blood at
18°C, how many ounces of blood
would that be?
oz
1 US pint = 16 US fluid ounces
oz 4.8 pint 1
oz 16 pints 0.30
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How many seconds are in 14 days?
14 day x 1 day x 60 min x 60 s 24 h 1 h 1 min
14 day x 24 h x 60 min x 60 s 1 day 1 h 1 min
= 1.2 x 105 s
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READ problem
IDENTIFY data
Write down a unit plan
from the INITIAL UNIT to the DESIRED UNIT
Select CONVERSION factors
Change initial unit to desired unit
CANCEL units and check
Do math on CALCULATOR (is the result logical?)
Give an answer using SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Steps to solve a problemSteps to solve a problem
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Measuring Temperature
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Kelvin ScaleKelvin Scale
0 K is the lowest temperature
0 K = - 273°C
K °C
K = °C + 273
37°C to K?
K = °C + 273 == 37°C + 273 = = 310 K
°C = K - 273
298K to °C ?
°C = K - 273 == 298 - 273 = = 25 °C
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Density
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DensityDensity
Density compares the mass of an object to its volume
3cm
g
mL
g
volume
mass d
Note: 1 mL = 1 cm3
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1) 0.2 g/ cm3 2) 6 g/cm3 3) 252 g/cm3
25 mL
33 mL
What is the density (g/cm3) of 48 g of a metal if the metal raises the level of water in a graduated cylinder from 25 mL to 33 mL?
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Volume (mL) of water displaced = 33 mL - 25 mL = 8 mL
Volume of metal (cm3) = 8 mL x 1 cm3 = 8 cm3
1 mL
Density of metal =
mass = 48 g = 6 g/cm3
volume 8 cm3
Solution: 6 g/cm3 (#2)
What is the density (g/cm3) of 48 g of a metal if the metal raises the level of water in a graduated cylinder from 25 mL to 33 mL?
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W
V
K
Which diagram represents the liquid layers in the cylinder?(K) Karo syrup (1.4 g/mL)(V) vegetable oil (0.91 g/mL)(W) water (1.0 g/mL)
W
V
K
W
V
K
1 2 3
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Density as Conversion FactorDensity as Conversion Factor
A substance has a density of 3.8 g/mL.
Density = 3.8 g/mL
Equality 3.8 g = 1 mL = 1 cm3
Conversion factors:
g 3.8
mL 1 or
mL 1
g 3.8
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1) 0.614 kg
2) 614 kg
3) 1.25 kg
The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is 0.702 g/mL. What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?
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Unit plan: mL g kg
Equalities: 1 mL = 0.702 g and 1 kg = 1000 g
Calculation:
875 mL x 0.702 g x 1 kg = 0.614 kg
1 mL 1000 g
Solution: 0.614 kg (#1)
The density of octane, a component of gasoline, is 0.702 g/mL. What is the mass, in kg, of 875 mL of octane?