MOTIVATION IN THE MOTIVATION IN THE HISTORYHISTORY

Saturday, 10Saturday, 10thth Oct 09 Oct 09

Course OutlineCourse Outline Sr. |Chap|Final Exam Chapter HeadingNo.|No. |Q. No.1. 1 1 An Introduction to Motivational Concept2. 2 2 Motivation in the History3. 3 3 Darwinian Theory of Evolution and Motivation4. 4 4 Instinct and Motivation5. 5 5 The Effect of Frustration, Conflict and Stress 6. 6 6 Need Theories of Motivation7. 7 7 Reinforcement/Incentive Theories8. 8 8 Expectancy Theories of Motivation9. 9 9 Motivation, Satisfaction, and Performance10. 10 10 Motivation and Monetary Rewards11. 11 11 Motivation Through MBO and Performance

Appraisal

MOTIVATION IN THE HISTORYMOTIVATION IN THE HISTORYCHAP: 2CHAP: 2

Recently acknowledged subjectRecently acknowledged subject McClelland (1917-98) links it to Darwin and FreudMcClelland (1917-98) links it to Darwin and Freud

David MclellandDavid Mclelland

DUALISMDUALISM Difference pertaining to motion; in living and non livingDifference pertaining to motion; in living and non living

Non living things move on the induction of some Non living things move on the induction of some external forceexternal force

Living organisms could move by themselvesLiving organisms could move by themselves Difference in human beings and animalsDifference in human beings and animals

Difference pertaining to use of tools, language, Difference pertaining to use of tools, language, foresight, morals and principlesforesight, morals and principles

Murphy (1950): In Dreams, the spirit is mobilized Murphy (1950): In Dreams, the spirit is mobilized independent of body (matter and space)independent of body (matter and space)

Dualism of soul/ mind and bodyDualism of soul/ mind and body

DUALISMDUALISM Plato: things and ideas (idea is the ultimate reality; thing Plato: things and ideas (idea is the ultimate reality; thing

is representation)is representation) Aristotle: Grades of soulsAristotle: Grades of souls

Vegetative soul; basic functions (plants, animals & Vegetative soul; basic functions (plants, animals & man)man)

Sensitive soul; locomotion & appetite (animals & man)Sensitive soul; locomotion & appetite (animals & man) Rational soul; reasoning (man)Rational soul; reasoning (man)

HOW TO UNDERSTAND THE HOW TO UNDERSTAND THE CONDUCT/ BEHAVIORCONDUCT/ BEHAVIOR

1.1. KnowledgeKnowledge Socrates, Plato & AristotleSocrates, Plato & Aristotle Socrates says; “Knowledge and virtue are identical and Socrates says; “Knowledge and virtue are identical and

that knowing leads always to right acting”that knowing leads always to right acting”

2.2. InstinctInstinct Wilm (1925) says; Wilm (1925) says; ““The natural prompting called instincts are purposive The natural prompting called instincts are purposive

activities implanted in the animals by nature creator or activities implanted in the animals by nature creator or by the world reason or creator for the guidance of the by the world reason or creator for the guidance of the creature in the attainment of ends useful to it, in its own creature in the attainment of ends useful to it, in its own preservation or the preservation of the species, and the preservation or the preservation of the species, and the avoidance of the contrary”avoidance of the contrary”

Wilm says “ The animal is impelled by sense impulse, Wilm says “ The animal is impelled by sense impulse, directed towards the pleasurable. Man’s activity, through directed towards the pleasurable. Man’s activity, through impulse plays a part, is motivated by rational insight into impulse plays a part, is motivated by rational insight into the relation between the act and its end, which is the the relation between the act and its end, which is the realization of the good” realization of the good”

2. Instinct The 17th-century philosopher René Descartes proposed; the

concept of mind-body dualism,

which implied that human behaviour could be understood as resulting from both a free, rational soul and from automatic, non rational processes of the body.

His proposition that non rational, mechanistic processes of the body could motivate behaviour under some circumstances led to the development of the concept of instinct and provided a counterpoint to Aristotle’s emphasis on learning as the most important concept in the control of behaviour.

Today, the mechanistic component of Descartes’s dualism can be seen as the distant forerunner of the study of genetic components of motivation, while his other view of rational choices can be regarded as a precursor of modern cognitive approaches to motivation.

3. Will and Free Will Aristotle suggests that ‘will’ will choose the good

indicated by knowledge

Immanuel Kant, suggested that “the ultimate moral and religious reality lies not in the field of knowledge but in the process of will. His adoption of a ‘faculty psychology’ made feeling and willing each quite separable from knowledge” Murphy (1950)

Good actions arise from duty or from consideration of moral law

4.Active Unconscious Factors: Man lives by impulses, and we do not act from conscious

reason, but rather construct reasons to explain what has been done in and through us

John Locke, also contributed to the development of modern motivational theory.

Locke’s emphasis on the importance of sensory experience can be understood as underlying the modern focus on external Ivan P. Pavlov

stimulation as motivating. Many psychologists believe that goals become valuable to us because of the sensory experience associated with these goals.

For instance: Long drive for desired food (its taste, smell, etc)

Locke also provided the important concept of association. As proposed by Locke, one idea can become associated, or linked, to another to produce a new, more complex idea.

For instance; money Unconscious factors relate directly to the neurotic disorders

like hysteria (hypnotism reveals some related concepts)

John LockeJohn Locke

Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov

5. Hedonism: (Pleasure-seeking) Aristippus of Cyrene says; Pleasure is the only thing

worthy of striving for and that pleasure is the good and happiness

A wise man is a perfected man of the world. He is susceptible to the enjoyment of life, he knows what animal satisfactions are, and how to prize spiritual joy, riches and honor”

The pleasure may be; absence of pain, satisfaction of basic desires, social pleasures, religious pleasures, etc

6. Nature and Motives of Men: Maciavelli (1469-1527) The main motive for the leaders

was to gain power by egoism

Hobbes (1588-1679) Figures out that fear is the strongest motive, as man is constantly at war with his fellows in the interest of his desires (basic desires, for pleasure and avoidance of pain, and for honor)

Shaftesbury (1671-1713) instinct, moral sense. Moral sense consists of sense of order and harmony, he thinks men come together in society naturally and the innate moral sense reflects a favorable view of men’s nature

Rousseau (1712-1776) thinks the evils as frustration or egoism arise from the society and man who is good basically gets the influence and is spoiled by the society

THE IMPACT OF EVOLUTIONTHE IMPACT OF EVOLUTION Charles Darwin wrote a book “The origin of species” 1859 Empedocles (500-430 BC) life emerged from inert matter Charles Lyel (19th century) proved through Geology Eisley (1959) and many others contributed to the idea of

evolution of men

The theory suggests that there is a continuity of development from the lowest form to the highest

It emphasizes that survival requires adaptation to the prevailing environment