Chemistry Chapter 2Changes in Matter

Section 1SolidsLiquidsGases

Check out these websites:

http://web.visionlearning.com/custom/chemistry/animations/CHE1.1-an-threestates.shtml

http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/atoms/states.html

Solid Liquid Gas

Volume Definite definite Indefinite

Shape Definite Indefinite Indefinite

Arrangement of Particles

Packed tightly together,Stay in fixed position.

Particles of liquid are packed almost as closely as in a solid

Particles separate - spread apart filling all the space available to them

Motion of particles

Vibrate slowly back and forth

Particles slide past each other. They are free to move but stay in close contact with each other.

Move quickly and freely in all directions

Types of SolidsCrystalline

particles form a regular repeating patternSugar, salt, sand

AmorphousParticles are not arranged in regular patternsPlastics, rubber glass

FluidsFluid means “substance that flows”Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow

Liquids with a high viscosity flow slowly: molasses, corn syrup, motor oil

Liquids with a low viscosity flow quickly: water, rubbing alcohol, juice

There are actually 5 states of matterBose- Einstein CondensateSolidsLiquidsGasPlasma

Section 2 : Behavior of GasesMeasuring Gases: Volume, Temperature, and

PressureVolume: the amount of space that matter fills

Units: cc, mL, or cm3

Temperature: the measure of the average energy of motion of particles of a substance Units: °C

Pressure: the force of the outward push divided by the area of the walls of the container (Pressure = force/area) Units: kilopascals (kPa)

BOYLES LAW:relating pressure and volume

According to Boyle’s Law (at a constant temperature):

When the pressure of a gas increases, its volume decreases.

When the pressure of a gas decreased, its volume increases.

No Name Law: Relating pressure and TemperatureIn a rigid container (where the volume remains

constant):When the temperature of a gas increases, its

pressure increasesWhen the temperature of a gas decreases, its

pressure decreases

Charles Law: relating volume and temperature

At a constant pressure: When the temperature of a gas increases its

volume increasesWhen the temperature of a gas decreases its

volume decreases

Section 3 Graphing Gas BehaviorGraphs are diagrams that tell how two

variables are relatedThe horizontal (x-) axis shows the

manipulated variableThe vertical (y-) axis shows the responding

variable

Charles Law GraphThe graph of Charles’s law shows that the

volume of a gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature under constant pressure. A graph is directly proportional when the graph of the two

variable is a straight line passing through the (0,0) point http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/projec

tfolder/flashfiles/gaslaw/charles_law.html

Boyles’ Law GraphThe graph of Boyles’ law shows that the

pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume at constant temperature When a graph of two measurements forms a curve that slopes

downward from left to right http://www.chem.iastate.edu/group/Greenbowe/sections/projec

tfolder/flashfiles/gaslaw/boyles_law_graph.html